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In the name of Allah, the Entirely Merciful, the Especially Merciful.

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The Summary of Tafsir al-Tabari,

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Abridged by Dr. 'Aqil ibn Salim al-Shammari.

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Surah al-Baqarah.

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In the name of Allah, the Entirely Merciful, the Especially Merciful.

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"Mothers may breastfeed their children two complete years..."

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“Mothers shall suckle their children for two whole years; (that is) for those who wish to complete the suckling. The duty of feeding and clothing nursing mothers in a seemly manner is upon the father of the child. No-one should be charged beyond his capacity. A mother should not be made to suffer because of her child, nor should he to whom the child is born (be made to suffer) because of his child. And on the (father's) heir is incumbent the like of that (which was incumbent on the father). If they desire to wean the child by mutual consent and (after) consultation, it is no sin for them; and if ye wish to give your children out to nurse, it is no sin for you, provide that ye pay what is due from you in kindness. Observe your duty to Allah, and know that Allah is Seer of what ye do.” (2:233)

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“Mothers shall suckle their children for two whole years; (that is) for those who wish to complete the suckling. The duty of feeding and clothing nursing mothers in a seemly manner is upon the father of the child. No-one should be charged beyond his capacity. A mother should not be made to suffer because of her child, nor should he to whom the child is born (be made to suffer) because of his child. And on the (father's) heir is incumbent the like of that (which was incumbent on the father). If they desire to wean the child by mutual consent and (after) consultation, it is no sin for them; and if ye wish to give your children out to nurse, it is no sin for you, provide that ye pay what is due from you in kindness. Observe your duty to Allah, and know that Allah is Seer of what ye do.” (2:233)

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“Mothers shall suckle their children for two whole years; (that is) for those who wish to complete the suckling. The duty of feeding and clothing nursing mothers in a seemly manner is upon the father of the child. No-one should be charged beyond his capacity. A mother should not be made to suffer because of her child, nor should he to whom the child is born (be made to suffer) because of his child. And on the (father's) heir is incumbent the like of that (which was incumbent on the father). If they desire to wean the child by mutual consent and (after) consultation, it is no sin for them; and if ye wish to give your children out to nurse, it is no sin for you, provide that ye pay what is due from you in kindness. Observe your duty to Allah, and know that Allah is Seer of what ye do.” (2:233)

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“Mothers shall suckle their children for two whole years; (that is) for those who wish to complete the suckling. The duty of feeding and clothing nursing mothers in a seemly manner is upon the father of the child. No-one should be charged beyond his capacity. A mother should not be made to suffer because of her child, nor should he to whom the child is born (be made to suffer) because of his child. And on the (father's) heir is incumbent the like of that (which was incumbent on the father). If they desire to wean the child by mutual consent and (after) consultation, it is no sin for them; and if ye wish to give your children out to nurse, it is no sin for you, provide that ye pay what is due from you in kindness. Observe your duty to Allah, and know that Allah is Seer of what ye do.” (2:233)

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“Mothers shall suckle their children for two whole years; (that is) for those who wish to complete the suckling. The duty of feeding and clothing nursing mothers in a seemly manner is upon the father of the child. No-one should be charged beyond his capacity. A mother should not be made to suffer because of her child, nor should he to whom the child is born (be made to suffer) because of his child. And on the (father's) heir is incumbent the like of that (which was incumbent on the father). If they desire to wean the child by mutual consent and (after) consultation, it is no sin for them; and if ye wish to give your children out to nurse, it is no sin for you, provide that ye pay what is due from you in kindness. Observe your duty to Allah, and know that Allah is Seer of what ye do.” (2:233)

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“Mothers shall suckle their children for two whole years; (that is) for those who wish to complete the suckling. The duty of feeding and clothing nursing mothers in a seemly manner is upon the father of the child. No-one should be charged beyond his capacity. A mother should not be made to suffer because of her child, nor should he to whom the child is born (be made to suffer) because of his child. And on the (father's) heir is incumbent the like of that (which was incumbent on the father). If they desire to wean the child by mutual consent and (after) consultation, it is no sin for them; and if ye wish to give your children out to nurse, it is no sin for you, provide that ye pay what is due from you in kindness. Observe your duty to Allah, and know that Allah is Seer of what ye do.” (2:233)

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“Mothers shall suckle their children for two whole years; (that is) for those who wish to complete the suckling. The duty of feeding and clothing nursing mothers in a seemly manner is upon the father of the child. No-one should be charged beyond his capacity. A mother should not be made to suffer because of her child, nor should he to whom the child is born (be made to suffer) because of his child. And on the (father's) heir is incumbent the like of that (which was incumbent on the father). If they desire to wean the child by mutual consent and (after) consultation, it is no sin for them; and if ye wish to give your children out to nurse, it is no sin for you, provide that ye pay what is due from you in kindness. Observe your duty to Allah, and know that Allah is Seer of what ye do.” (2:233)

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“Mothers shall suckle their children for two whole years; (that is) for those who wish to complete the suckling. The duty of feeding and clothing nursing mothers in a seemly manner is upon the father of the child. No-one should be charged beyond his capacity. A mother should not be made to suffer because of her child, nor should he to whom the child is born (be made to suffer) because of his child. And on the (father's) heir is incumbent the like of that (which was incumbent on the father). If they desire to wean the child by mutual consent and (after) consultation, it is no sin for them; and if ye wish to give your children out to nurse, it is no sin for you, provide that ye pay what is due from you in kindness. Observe your duty to Allah, and know that Allah is Seer of what ye do.” (2:233)

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“Mothers shall suckle their children for two whole years; (that is) for those who wish to complete the suckling. The duty of feeding and clothing nursing mothers in a seemly manner is upon the father of the child. No-one should be charged beyond his capacity. A mother should not be made to suffer because of her child, nor should he to whom the child is born (be made to suffer) because of his child. And on the (father's) heir is incumbent the like of that (which was incumbent on the father). If they desire to wean the child by mutual consent and (after) consultation, it is no sin for them; and if ye wish to give your children out to nurse, it is no sin for you, provide that ye pay what is due from you in kindness. Observe your duty to Allah, and know that Allah is Seer of what ye do.” (2:233)

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And fear Allah, and know that Allah is All-Seeing of whatever you do.

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Women who have been divorced by their husbands and have children

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have the greatest right to nurse them over anyone else for two full years,

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yet nursing her child is not made an obligatory duty upon her.

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The fathers of the children must provide the wet nurses with their necessary provision,

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in terms of food, sustenance, and clothing,

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according to what is customarily due for a woman of her standing from a man of his standing.

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No soul should be burdened with matters beyond its capacity,

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nor tasked with what it cannot readily afford when it seeks to do so.

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Thus, men are not obligated to provide maintenance except according to their means and capacity.

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“Mothers shall suckle their children for two whole years; (that is) for those who wish to complete the suckling. The duty of feeding and clothing nursing mothers in a seemly manner is upon the father of the child. No-one should be charged beyond his capacity. A mother should not be made to suffer because of her child, nor should he to whom the child is born (be made to suffer) because of his child. And on the (father's) heir is incumbent the like of that (which was incumbent on the father). If they desire to wean the child by mutual consent and (after) consultation, it is no sin for them; and if ye wish to give your children out to nurse, it is no sin for you, provide that ye pay what is due from you in kindness. Observe your duty to Allah, and know that Allah is Seer of what ye do.” (2:233)

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So she must not refuse to nurse the child simply to cause hardship to its father,

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nor should the father cause harm through his child by forbidding the mother from nursing it just to grieve her.

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And upon the heir is an obligation similar to that of the father: providing the mother's sustenance and clothing in an equitable manner,

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if she is in need.

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But if she is wealthy and self-sufficient,

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then upon the heir is the equivalent of the nursing wage that was due from the child's father.

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And if both parents wish to wean their child from milk before the two years are complete,

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based on mutual consent between the child's father and mother and after mutual consultation,

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there is no blame upon either of them.

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And if you wish to engage wet nurses for your children other than their mothers when the mothers refuse,

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there is no blame upon you in hiring them, provided you hand over what you agreed to give in a fair manner.

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And if you desire to seek wet nurses for your children to complete their suckling,

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and you and their mother have not agreed upon early weaning,

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nor seen that to be in the child's best interest,

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then there is no blame upon you to hire wet nurses if their mothers refuse to nurse them,

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whether due to an ailment or for no ailment,

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provided you deliver to their mothers and to the substitute wet nurses their due rights in a generous, equitable, and good manner,

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refraining from underpayment and injustice regarding what is rightfully due to the wet nurses.

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And fear Allah concerning the reciprocal rights He has ordained among you,

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and know that Allah sees and knows all your deeds;

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nothing at all is hidden from Him.

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“Such of you as die and leave behind them wives, they (the wives) shall wait, keeping themselves apart, four months and ten days. And when they reach the term (prescribed for them) then there is no sin for you in aught that they may do with themselves in decency. Allah is informed of what ye do.” (2:234)

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“Such of you as die and leave behind them wives, they (the wives) shall wait, keeping themselves apart, four months and ten days. And when they reach the term (prescribed for them) then there is no sin for you in aught that they may do with themselves in decency. Allah is informed of what ye do.” (2:234)

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And Allah is fully Aware of whatever you do.

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And those of you, O people, who pass away and leave wives behind,

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their widows must wait, observing a waiting period, abstaining from remarriage, perfume, adornment,

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and moving away from the home in which they resided during their husbands' lifetimes, for four months and ten days,

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unless they are pregnant, in which case the waiting period lasts until they deliver their child.

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Once they have reached the end of their prescribed waiting period and the four months and ten days have elapsed,

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there is no blame upon you, O guardians, regarding whatever they do with themselves in an acceptable manner at that point:

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such as using perfume, adorning themselves, moving from the home where they observed the waiting period,

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and entering into marriage in the manner Allah has permitted and made lawful for them.

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And Allah, concerning how you, O guardians, manage the affairs of the women under your guardianship,

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is fully Aware and All-Knowing; nothing of it is concealed from Him.

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And there is no blame upon you regarding any indirect hints of marriage you make to these women.

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“There is no sin for you in that which ye proclaim or hide in your minds concerning your troth with women. Allah knoweth that ye will remember them. But plight not your troth with women except by uttering a recognised form of words. And do not consummate the marriage until (the term) prescribed is run. Know that Allah knoweth what is in your minds, so beware of Him; and know that Allah is Forgiving, Clement.” (2:235)

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“There is no sin for you in that which ye proclaim or hide in your minds concerning your troth with women. Allah knoweth that ye will remember them. But plight not your troth with women except by uttering a recognised form of words. And do not consummate the marriage until (the term) prescribed is run. Know that Allah knoweth what is in your minds, so beware of Him; and know that Allah is Forgiving, Clement.” (2:235)

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“There is no sin for you in that which ye proclaim or hide in your minds concerning your troth with women. Allah knoweth that ye will remember them. But plight not your troth with women except by uttering a recognised form of words. And do not consummate the marriage until (the term) prescribed is run. Know that Allah knoweth what is in your minds, so beware of Him; and know that Allah is Forgiving, Clement.” (2:235)

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“There is no sin for you in that which ye proclaim or hide in your minds concerning your troth with women. Allah knoweth that ye will remember them. But plight not your troth with women except by uttering a recognised form of words. And do not consummate the marriage until (the term) prescribed is run. Know that Allah knoweth what is in your minds, so beware of Him; and know that Allah is Forgiving, Clement.” (2:235)

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“There is no sin for you in that which ye proclaim or hide in your minds concerning your troth with women. Allah knoweth that ye will remember them. But plight not your troth with women except by uttering a recognised form of words. And do not consummate the marriage until (the term) prescribed is run. Know that Allah knoweth what is in your minds, so beware of Him; and know that Allah is Forgiving, Clement.” (2:235)

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“There is no sin for you in that which ye proclaim or hide in your minds concerning your troth with women. Allah knoweth that ye will remember them. But plight not your troth with women except by uttering a recognised form of words. And do not consummate the marriage until (the term) prescribed is run. Know that Allah knoweth what is in your minds, so beware of Him; and know that Allah is Forgiving, Clement.” (2:235)

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And know that Allah is Forgiving and Forbearing.

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“There is no sin for you in that which ye proclaim or hide in your minds concerning your troth with women. Allah knoweth that ye will remember them. But plight not your troth with women except by uttering a recognised form of words. And do not consummate the marriage until (the term) prescribed is run. Know that Allah knoweth what is in your minds, so beware of Him; and know that Allah is Forgiving, Clement.” (2:235)

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Allah knows that you will remember the women observing their waiting periods by contemplating or speaking of proposing to them,

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but He has forbidden you from making secret promises of intercourse with them during their waiting periods,

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such that one of you might say to one of them during her waiting period:

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"I have already taken you as my wife in my heart,

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and I am merely waiting for your waiting period to end,"

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thereby soliciting by that speech her consent to intimacy and intercourse.

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Allah has strictly forbidden that;

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rather, you may only speak honorable words,

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which is what He has permitted by way of indirect hints at proposal.

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And do not conclude the marriage contract during the woman's waiting period,

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making it binding between yourselves and them, until the waiting period has run its course

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and reached the term that Allah has ordained in His Book for its conclusion.

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And know, O people,

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that Allah knows what is in your hearts concerning your desire for them and your longing to marry them;

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so beware of Allah and fear Him in your souls,

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lest you commit anything that He has forbidden you:

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such as resolving upon the marriage contract

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or making secret promises to them during their waiting periods.

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And know that Allah is Ever-Veiling of His servants' sins, covering them over—

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including what men conceal in their hearts regarding proposing to women in their waiting periods and other misdeeds;

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He is Forbearing and Patient, not rushing to penalize His servants for their sins.

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“It is no sin for you if ye divorce women while yet ye have not touched them, nor appointed unto them a portion. Provide for them, the rich according to his means, and the straitened according to his means, a fair provision. (This is) a bounden duty for those who do good.” (2:236)

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A duty binding upon those who do good.

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There is no blame upon you if you divorce your wives before you have consummated the marriage with them

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or specified an obligatory dowry for them.

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And provide them with a compensatory gift from your wealth according to your means and status, whether affluent or constrained.

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Provide for them as Allah has commanded you to give them,

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without any injustice or withholding on your part.

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So grant them an equitable provision, an obligation upon everyone among you who does good.

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And if you divorce them before you have touched them while you had already specified a dowry for them, then half of what you specified is due,

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“If ye divorce them before ye have touched them and ye have appointed unto them a portion, then (pay the) half of that which ye appointed, unless they (the women) agree to forgo it, or he agreeth to forgo it in whose hand is the marriage tie. To forgo is nearer to piety. And forget not kindness among yourselves. Allah is Seer of what ye do.” (2:237)

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“If ye divorce them before ye have touched them and ye have appointed unto them a portion, then (pay the) half of that which ye appointed, unless they (the women) agree to forgo it, or he agreeth to forgo it in whose hand is the marriage tie. To forgo is nearer to piety. And forget not kindness among yourselves. Allah is Seer of what ye do.” (2:237)

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There is no blame upon you, O people.

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If you divorce women before you have touched them and had already assigned them an obligatory dowry, then they are entitled to half of what you had assigned them,

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unless those women who are entitled to half the dowry remit it, leaving it to you,

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and pardon your share out of sheer graciousness on their part;

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or the husband, in whose hand is the marriage tie at all times before and after divorce, chooses to remit it,

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thereby paying them the dowry in full.

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And that you forgo your rights in favor of one another after parting ways is closer to the fear of Allah.

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And do not neglect, O people, to show graciousness and benevolence toward one another.

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Rather, let the man who divorces his wife before intimacy be gracious:

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let him complete her full dowry if he had not yet given her all of it;

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and if he had already handed over all that was specified for her,

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let him graciously forgo what is rightfully his—namely, the half.

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But if the man is stingy with that and insists on reclaiming his half from her,

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then let the divorced woman be gracious toward him by returning the whole dowry to him if she had already received it,

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and if she had not received it, let her waive all of it.

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Indeed, Allah is All-Seeing of whatever you do regarding what He has exhorted you to of mutual pardon and graciousness;

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nothing of that is hidden from Him.

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Rather, He takes full account of it for you and preserves it,

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so that He may reward the doer of good among you for his good deeds,

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and requite the wrongdoer among you for his wrongdoing.

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“Be guardians of your prayers, and of the midmost prayer, and stand up with devotion to Allah.” (2:238)

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Constantly maintain the obligatory prayers at their appointed times and attend to them diligently,

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especially the middle prayer, which is the 'Asr prayer,

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and stand before Allah in them in devout obedience,

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by refraining from speaking to one another during prayer,

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except for reciting the Qur'an or remembering Allah,

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without disobeying Allah therein by neglecting their prescribed limits.

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“And if ye go in fear, then (pray) standing or on horseback. And when ye are again in safety, remember Allah, as He hath taught you that which (heretofore) ye knew not.” (2:239)

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“And if ye go in fear, then (pray) standing or on horseback. And when ye are again in safety, remember Allah, as He hath taught you that which (heretofore) ye knew not.” (2:239)

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But if you fear an enemy when confronting them, such that you cannot pray standing,

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then pray on foot, walking while engaged in your battle,

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or riding upon the backs of your mounts.

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Then when you are safe from your enemy and feel secure,

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remember Allah within your prayers and outside them,

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with thanksgiving and praise to Him,

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and extol Him for the grace He bestowed by guiding you to the truth

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from which your enemies have strayed,

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and for teaching you His rulings, His lawful, and His unlawful.

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"And those of you who pass away and leave wives behind..."

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“(In the case of) those of you who are about to die and leave behind them wives, they should bequeath unto their wives a provision for the year without turning them out, but if they go out (of their own accord) there is no sin for you in that which they do of themselves within their rights. Allah is Mighty, Wise.” (2:240)

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"...but if they leave, there is no blame upon you for what they do with themselves in an acceptable manner."

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And Allah is Exalted in Might, All-Wise.

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And those of you, O men, who pass away and leave wives behind,

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Allah has decreed a bequest for their wives upon you, O believers:

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that they should not be expelled from their deceased husbands' homes for a full year.

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However, if they leave their deceased husbands' homes before the year is up of their own accord,

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then there is no blame upon the deceased's guardians regarding their departure and their discontinuing the mourning period for their husbands.

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Later, Allah abrogated this maintenance through the verse of inheritance,

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and reduced their required residence to four months and ten days,

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upon the tongue of the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him.

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And Allah is Exalted in Might in His retribution against those who violate His command and prohibition

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and transgress His limits, among both men and women;

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He is All-Wise in the rulings and decrees He establishes among His servants.

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"And for divorced women is a provision in an acceptable manner, a duty upon the righteous."

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And for whichever woman is divorced,

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there is due from the man who divorced her a provision for her to benefit from,

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consisting of garments, clothing, and maintenance,

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or a servant, and other such things from which benefit is derived.

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This is an equitable provision, binding upon every one of you

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who is among the righteous—those who fear Allah regarding His commands, prohibitions, and limits.

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Just as I have made clear to you what is incumbent upon you toward your wives

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and what is incumbent upon your wives toward you, O believers,

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and have taught you My rulings and the reciprocal rights binding upon one another,

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likewise do I clarify for you all other rulings in the verses I have revealed,

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so that you may use your intellect and comprehend what is required of you from My obligatory laws,

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and thereby recognize that which contains the well-being of your religion and your worldly life,

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acting upon it and thereby attaining My abundant reward in your Final Destination.