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In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful.

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Summary of Tafsir al-Tabari.

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Abridged by Dr. 'Aqil bin Salim al-Shammari.

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Surah al-An'am.

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In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful.

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“And though We should send down the angels unto them, and the dead should speak unto them, and We should gather against them all things in array, they would not believe unless Allah so willed. Howbeit, most of them are ignorant.” (6:111)

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"And [even if] the dead spoke to them..."

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“And though We should send down the angels unto them, and the dead should speak unto them, and We should gather against them all things in array, they would not believe unless Allah so willed. Howbeit, most of them are ignorant.” (6:111)

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"...except if Allah wills."

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"But most of them are ignorant."

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Almighty Allah says, mentioning His words to His Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him):

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How can there be any prosperity for these people who set up idols as equals to their Lord?

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For even if We were to send down the angels to them so that they could see them plainly with their own eyes,

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and the dead were to speak to them by Our resurrecting them as a proof for you and an indication of your prophethood,

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and We gathered all things before them face-to-face,

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—and it is said [concerning the word *qubulan*]:

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"We gathered every species and kind before them"—they still would not believe,

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but most of these polytheists are ignorant of the fact that this is the case.

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They imagine that faith and disbelief are entirely in their own hands,

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so that whenever they wish, they can believe, and whenever they wish, they can disbelieve.

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But the matter is not as they imagine;

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rather, it is entirely in My hand.

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"And thus We have made for every prophet an enemy—"

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"—devils among mankind and jinn..."

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“Thus have We appointed unto every prophet an adversary - devils of humankind and jinn who inspire in one another plausible discourse through guile. If thy Lord willed, they would not do so; so leave them alone with their devising;” (6:112)

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“Thus have We appointed unto every prophet an adversary - devils of humankind and jinn who inspire in one another plausible discourse through guile. If thy Lord willed, they would not do so; so leave them alone with their devising;” (6:112)

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"...So leave them and what they invent."

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And just as We have tested you, O Muhammad,

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by making enemies for you from among the polytheists of your people—

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the devils among mankind and jinn—

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so too We tested the prophets and messengers before you

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by making enemies for them from among their own people, who harmed them through disputation and antagonism.

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He made the rebellious among mankind and jinn enemies to every prophet,

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inspiring one another with speech adorned and embellished with falsehood,

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so that whoever hears it might be deceived by it and stray from the path of Allah.

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And had you wished, O Muhammad,

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for those devils among mankind and jinn who were enemies to the prophets to believe,

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so that their plotting would not reach them,

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I would have done so.

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But I did not so will,

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in order to test some of them by means of others.

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So leave alone the devils who dispute with you using falsehood, along with the slander and lies they fabricate.

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"And so that the hearts of those who do not believe in the Hereafter may incline toward it..."

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“That the hearts of those who believe not in the Hereafter may incline thereto, and that they may take pleasure therein, and that they may earn what they are earning.” (6:113)

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Some of these devils inspire others with false speech to deceive the believers therewith,

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and so that the hearts of those who do not believe in the Hereafter may incline toward it,

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and so that they may be pleased with it and commit whatever sins they are committing.

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“Shall I seek other than Allah for judge, when He it is Who hath revealed unto you (this) Scripture, fully explained? Those unto whom We gave the Scripture (aforetime) know that it is revealed from thy Lord in truth. So be not thou (O Muhammad) of the waverers.” (6:114)

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“Shall I seek other than Allah for judge, when He it is Who hath revealed unto you (this) Scripture, fully explained? Those unto whom We gave the Scripture (aforetime) know that it is revealed from thy Lord in truth. So be not thou (O Muhammad) of the waverers.” (6:114)

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"...so do not be among the doubters."

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Allah has judged regarding me by revealing mention of your gods that deters people from worshipping them,

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so it is not for me to transgress His judgment, for there is no judge more just than Him.

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He it is who sent down to you the Qur'an, explaining clearly in it the judgment concerning that which you and I differ upon.

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Those to whom We gave the Torah and the Gospel from among the Children of Israel

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know that the Qur'an is sent down from your Lord as a decisive criterion between the people of truth and falsehood.

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So do not be, O Muhammad, among those who doubt the reality of the news that has come to you from Allah.

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"And the word of your Lord has been fulfilled in truth and justice."

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"None can alter His words, and He is the Hearing, the Knowing."

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The word of your Lord—that is, the Qur'an—is complete in its truthfulness and justice;

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there is none to alter what He has informed of, such that its fulfillment would be nullified.

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And Allah is All-Hearing of what they say,

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All-Knowing of the ultimate outcome of His servants' affairs.

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“If thou obeyedst most of those on earth they would mislead thee far from Allah's way. They follow naught but an opinion, and they do but guess.” (6:116)

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"They follow nothing but conjecture, and they do nothing but lie."

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“If thou obeyedst most of those on earth they would mislead thee far from Allah's way. They follow naught but an opinion, and they do but guess.” (6:116)

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Should I follow their straying, I would go astray and become like them,

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for they do not call you to guidance, having strayed from it themselves.

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Thus, in their conduct, they rely upon speculation and assumption regarding the correctness of their resolve,

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even though it is erroneous in reality.

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They are nothing but conjecturers who merely guess.

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“Lo! thy Lord, He knoweth best who erreth from His way; and He knoweth best (who are) the rightly guided.” (6:117)

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"...and He is most knowing of the guided."

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Indeed, your Lord, O Muhammad—

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who forbade you to obey these people—

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is more knowledgeable than you and all His creation

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as to which of His creation strays from His path through adorned speech,

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which the devils inspire one another with.

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And He is also more knowledgeable than you and them

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as to who is upon uprightness and correctness;

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not a single one of them is hidden from Him.

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“Eat of that over which the name of Allah hath been mentioned, if ye are believers in His revelations.” (6:118)

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“Eat of that over which the name of Allah hath been mentioned, if ye are believers in His revelations.” (6:118)

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So eat, O believers, from that of your slaughtered animals upon which you have pronounced Allah's name,

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if you are in the proofs of Allah that have come to you,

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His signs regarding the lawfulness of what I have made lawful for you,

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and the prohibition of what I have forbidden to you, true believers.

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And leave aside the adorned speech that the devils inspire one another with.

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“How should ye not eat of that over which the name of Allah hath been mentioned, when He hath explained unto you that which is forbidden unto you unless ye are compelled thereto. But lo! many are led astray by their own lusts through ignorance. Lo! thy Lord, He is Best Aware of the transgressors.” (6:119)

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“How should ye not eat of that over which the name of Allah hath been mentioned, when He hath explained unto you that which is forbidden unto you unless ye are compelled thereto. But lo! many are led astray by their own lusts through ignorance. Lo! thy Lord, He is Best Aware of the transgressors.” (6:119)

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"...except what you are compelled to."

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“How should ye not eat of that over which the name of Allah hath been mentioned, when He hath explained unto you that which is forbidden unto you unless ye are compelled thereto. But lo! many are led astray by their own lusts through ignorance. Lo! thy Lord, He is Best Aware of the transgressors.” (6:119)

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“How should ye not eat of that over which the name of Allah hath been mentioned, when He hath explained unto you that which is forbidden unto you unless ye are compelled thereto. But lo! many are led astray by their own lusts through ignorance. Lo! thy Lord, He is Best Aware of the transgressors.” (6:119)

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And what should prevent you from eating of that over which Allah's name has been mentioned,

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when He has explained to you in detail what is lawful and what is unlawful among your foods?

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And whatever forbidden foods we are compelled to eat are lawful for us

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as long as we are compelled, until the necessity ceases.

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Yet indeed, many people dispute with you regarding the eating of what Allah has forbidden to you, O believers,

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to lead their followers astray through their desires without any proof for that over which they dispute.

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Indeed, your Lord, O Muhammad, is most knowing of those who transgress His limits, crossing them to disobey Him,

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and He is ever watchful over them.

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“Forsake the outwardness of sin and the inwardness thereof. Lo! those who garner sin will be awarded that which they have earned.” (6:120)

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“Forsake the outwardness of sin and the inwardness thereof. Lo! those who garner sin will be awarded that which they have earned.” (6:120)

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And abandon, O people, sin whether committed openly or in secret.

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Indeed, those who commit what Allah has forbidden them

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Allah will recompense them on the Day of Resurrection for the acts of disobedience they used to commit in the worldly life.

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“And eat not of that whereon Allah's name hath not been mentioned, for lo! it is abomination. Lo! the devils do inspire their minions to dispute with you. But if ye obey them, ye will be in truth idolaters.” (6:121)

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“And eat not of that whereon Allah's name hath not been mentioned, for lo! it is abomination. Lo! the devils do inspire their minions to dispute with you. But if ye obey them, ye will be in truth idolaters.” (6:121)

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“And eat not of that whereon Allah's name hath not been mentioned, for lo! it is abomination. Lo! the devils do inspire their minions to dispute with you. But if ye obey them, ye will be in truth idolaters.” (6:121)

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And do not eat, O believers, of carrion that has died a natural death

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and which you yourselves have not slaughtered,

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for eating it is an act of disobedience and disbelief.

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Indeed, the devils inspire their allies to dispute with you regarding their declaring the consumption of carrion lawful.

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And if you obey them in eating carrion and what your Lord has forbidden you,

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then you are indeed like them;

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for since these people eat carrion declaring it lawful,

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you would become polytheists just like them.

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“Is he who was dead and We have raised him unto life, and set for him a light wherein he walketh among men, as him whose similitude is in utter darkness whence he cannot emerge? Thus is their conduct made fairseeming for the disbelievers.” (6:122)

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“Is he who was dead and We have raised him unto life, and set for him a light wherein he walketh among men, as him whose similitude is in utter darkness whence he cannot emerge? Thus is their conduct made fairseeming for the disbelievers.” (6:122)

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“Is he who was dead and We have raised him unto life, and set for him a light wherein he walketh among men, as him whose similitude is in utter darkness whence he cannot emerge? Thus is their conduct made fairseeming for the disbelievers.” (6:122)

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Or is he who was a disbeliever—being like a dead person due to his turning away from obedience to Him and his ignorance of His Oneness—

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whom We then guided to Islam and granted a light by which he walks upon the straight path,

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like one whose likeness is in total darkness, not knowing where to turn

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nor finding a way out of it?

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Just as I have forsaken this disbeliever who disputes with you regarding eating what I have forbidden to you,

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making his evil deeds appear fair-seeming to him,

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so too I have made fair-seeming to others who disbelieved in Allah and His signs the acts of disobedience they were committing.

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“And thus have We made in every city great ones of its wicked ones, that they should plot therein. They do but plot against themselves, though they perceive not.” (6:123)

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“And thus have We made in every city great ones of its wicked ones, that they should plot therein. They do but plot against themselves, though they perceive not.” (6:123)

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And just as We made fair-seeming to the disbelievers what they used to do,

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so also We placed in every city its greatest criminals from among the people of polytheism,

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to scheme therein with deceitful speech or false deeds.

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But their scheming backfires on none but themselves,

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though they do not perceive what painful punishment Allah has prepared for them,

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so they persist in their transgression and defiance against Allah.

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“And when a token cometh unto them, they say: We will not believe till we are given that which Allah's messengers are given. Allah knoweth best with whom to place His message. Humiliation from Allah and heavy punishment will smite the guilty for their scheming.” (6:124)

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“And when a token cometh unto them, they say: We will not believe till we are given that which Allah's messengers are given. Allah knoweth best with whom to place His message. Humiliation from Allah and heavy punishment will smite the guilty for their scheming.” (6:124)

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“And when a token cometh unto them, they say: We will not believe till we are given that which Allah's messengers are given. Allah knoweth best with whom to place His message. Humiliation from Allah and heavy punishment will smite the guilty for their scheming.” (6:124)

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“And when a token cometh unto them, they say: We will not believe till we are given that which Allah's messengers are given. Allah knoweth best with whom to place His message. Humiliation from Allah and heavy punishment will smite the guilty for their scheming.” (6:124)

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“And when a token cometh unto them, they say: We will not believe till we are given that which Allah's messengers are given. Allah knoweth best with whom to place His message. Humiliation from Allah and heavy punishment will smite the guilty for their scheming.” (6:124)

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And whenever a sign comes to these polytheists from Allah,

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proving the truth of what Muhammad brought them,

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they say, "We will never believe in that to which Muhammad (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) calls us—

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namely faith in him—until we are given miracles like those given to Moses and Jesus."

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But I am most knowing of where to place My messages and who is worthy of them,

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so it is not for you, O polytheists, to choose that over Me.

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There will afflict those who committed sin, O Muhammad,

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humiliation and disgrace from Allah

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because of the evil plots they used to scheme against Islam and its people through false disputation

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and adorned speech.

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“And whomsoever it is Allah's will to guide, He expandeth his bosom unto the Surrender, and whomsoever it is His Will to send astray, He maketh his bosom close and narrow as if he were engaged in sheer ascent. Thus Allah layeth ignominy upon those who believe not.” (6:125)

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“And whomsoever it is Allah's will to guide, He expandeth his bosom unto the Surrender, and whomsoever it is His Will to send astray, He maketh his bosom close and narrow as if he were engaged in sheer ascent. Thus Allah layeth ignominy upon those who believe not.” (6:125)

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“And whomsoever it is Allah's will to guide, He expandeth his bosom unto the Surrender, and whomsoever it is His Will to send astray, He maketh his bosom close and narrow as if he were engaged in sheer ascent. Thus Allah layeth ignominy upon those who believe not.” (6:125)

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“And whomsoever it is Allah's will to guide, He expandeth his bosom unto the Surrender, and whomsoever it is His Will to send astray, He maketh his bosom close and narrow as if he were engaged in sheer ascent. Thus Allah layeth ignominy upon those who believe not.” (6:125)

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Whomsoever Allah wills to guide to faith,

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He opens his breast to it and makes it easy for him,

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so that Islam illuminates his heart and his breast expands for it.

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But whomsoever Allah wills to misguide,

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He makes his breast—by forsaking him and allowing disbelief to overcome him—exceedingly tight and constricted,

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so that the light of faith cannot penetrate it due to its intense tightness.

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It is as though the disbeliever's heart, in its extreme constriction and closure against reaching Allah,

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were like his inability to climb up into the sky and his utter helplessness to do so.

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In this manner Allah gives Satan power over him and his likes

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among those who refuse to believe in Allah and His Messenger,

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so he misguides him and turns him away from the path of Allah.

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“This is the path of thy Lord, a straight path. We have detailed Our revelations for a people who take heed.” (6:126)

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“This is the path of thy Lord, a straight path. We have detailed Our revelations for a people who take heed.” (6:126)

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And this which We have explained to you, O Muhammad, in this surah and others

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is the path of your Lord, which He has made straight with no crookedness in it.

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We have indeed explained the signs and proofs establishing the truth of that

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for those who remember the signs and lessons by which Allah established His proof against them,

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so that they may take heed thereby.

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Summary of Tafsir al-Tabari.