In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful.
A summary of the Tafsir of al-Tabari.
Abridged by Dr. 'Aqil ibn Salim al-Shammar.
Surah al-Fajr.
In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful.
By the dawn.
By the ten nights.
By the even and the odd.
By the night when it departs.
“There surely is an oath for thinking man.” (89:5)
Our Lord, may His praise be exalted, swears by the dawn.
This is the dawn of the morning.
He swears by the ten nights of Dhu al-Hijjah.
He swears by the even and the odd.
The exegetes differed regarding what is meant by the "even" (al-shaf').
In His saying, "And the even."
And what is meant by the "odd" (al-watr).
In His saying, "And the odd."
Some said:
The even is the Day of Sacrifice (Yawm al-Nahr).
And the odd is the Day of 'Arafah.
Others said:
The even is the two days following the Day of Sacrifice.
And the odd is the third day.
Others said:
The even is all of creation.
And the odd is Allah.
Others said:
It refers to the prescribed prayers.
Some of which are even.
Such as the Fajr and Dhuhr prayers.
And some of which are odd.
Such as the Maghrib prayer.
He did not specify one type of even.
Nor one type of odd over another.
Every even number is a fact by report and reason.
And every even and odd.
Is part of what He has sworn by.
And His saying, "And the night."
"When it departs."
Meaning, the night when it moves on and passes away.
Is there in what I have sworn by.
Of these matters, a convincing argument.
For one who possesses intellect?
Have you not seen how your Lord dealt.
With 'Ad?
Iram, who had lofty pillars.
Which.
Had no equal.
Created in the lands.
And Thamud.
Who carved the rocks.
In the valley.
And Pharaoh.
The owner of the stakes.
Those who transgressed.
In the lands.
And increased.
Corruption therein.
So your Lord poured.
Upon them a scourge.
Of punishment.
Indeed, your Lord.
Is ever watchful.
Have you not looked, O Muhammad.
With the eye of your heart.
To see how your Lord dealt.
With the tribe of 'Ad.
The people of the lofty pillars.
He meant by that they were.
Nomadic people with tents.
“The like of which was not created in the lands;” (89:8)
In greatness, strength, and power.
And Thamud, who.
Pierced the rocks and entered them.
Taking them as houses.
Have you not seen how your Lord dealt.
Also with Pharaoh, the owner of the stakes.
Which.
Were driven into the ground, whether of wood or iron.
Because either.
He used them to torture people.
Or.
He used them for his own amusement.
And His saying, "Those who transgressed."
In the lands, meaning 'Ad.
And Thamud, and Pharaoh, and the hosts.
Those who exceeded.
What their Lord permitted for them.
And were arrogant toward their Lord.
By persisting in disbelief in Him.
In the lands where they were.
Located.
They increased corruption in the lands.
And committed what Allah forbade them.
So your Lord sent down upon them, O Muhammad.
His punishment.
And brought upon them His vengeance.
Because they spread corruption in the lands.
And transgressed against Allah therein.
Indeed, your Lord, O Muhammad.
Regarding those whose stories I have recounted.
To you.
And their likes among those who disbelieve in Him.
Is ever watchful.
He observes them by their deeds.
In this world and in the Hereafter.
Upon the bridges of Hell.
To cast them into it.
When they arrive there on the Day of Resurrection.
As for.
Man.
When his Lord tests him.
By honoring him and bestowing favors upon him.
By honoring him.
And favoring him.
He says, "My Lord has honored me."
But as for.
When He tests him.
And restricts his provision.
He says.
He says, "My Lord.
Has humiliated me."
As for man, when.
His Lord tries him with blessings and wealth.
Honoring him with money.
And bestowing upon him.
And favoring him by expanding.
From His bounty.
He rejoices in that and is pleased.
And says.
"My Lord has honored me with this honor."
But when He tries him.
His Lord with poverty.
And restricts his provision.
And limits it.
So his wealth does not increase, nor is it expanded for him.
He says.
"My Lord has humiliated me with poverty."
And he does not thank Allah for.
What He has gifted him of sound.
Limbs and provision.
Of well-being in his body.
No.
But you do not honor.
The orphan.
And you do not encourage.
The feeding.
Of the poor.
And you consume the inheritance.
Devouring it greedily.
And you love.
Wealth with a love.
Excessive.
And His saying.
“Nay, but ye (for your part) honour not the orphan” (89:17)
The orphan.
Meaning: No.
I do not honor the one I honored.
With an abundance of worldly goods.
Nor do I humiliate the one I humiliated with a lack thereof.
But.
I only honor the one I honored through obedience to Me.
And I humiliate the one I humiliated.
Through disobedience to Me.
Rather, I only humiliated the one I humiliated.
Because he does not honor.
The orphan.
Nor do you encourage one another.
To feed the poor.
And you consume, O people.
The inheritance with intense consumption.
Leaving nothing of it.
And you love the accumulation.
O people, and the hoarding of it.
With a great and intense love.
No, when.
The earth is leveled.
Crushed.
Crushed.
And your Lord comes.
And the angels, rank.
Upon rank.
And is brought.
That day.
Hell.
That day.
Will remember.
Man.
But what will remembrance avail him?
No.
It is not fitting.
For the matter to be thus.
Then He, may His praise be exalted, informs about.
Their remorse for their deeds.
The evil ones in this world.
And their regret for what has passed.
From them, when regret will not benefit them.
So He said.
When the earth is shaken.
And trembled, tremor after.
It will shake and move.
After it has been moved.
And when your Lord comes, O Muhammad.
And the angels, rank upon rank.
Row after row.
And Allah will come on that Day.
With Hell.
On that Day, man will remember.
His negligence in the world regarding the obedience of Allah.
And regarding that which draws him closer.
To Him through righteous deeds.
And from what path will he have.
Remembrance?
He will say, "Oh, I wish I had.
Sent ahead for my life."
For on that Day.
None will punish with His punishment.
Anyone.
And none will bind with His binding.
Anyone.
The Exalted says, in His remembrance.
Informing us of the anguish of the son of Adam.
And his sorrow on the Day of Resurrection.
And his regret for his negligence.
Regarding righteous deeds.
In the world, which would have earned him.
Eternal existence in bliss.
That never ends.
"Oh, I wish I had sent ahead in the world.
Righteous deeds for this life of mine."
Which has no death.
After it.
That which would save me from the wrath of Allah.
And secure for me His pleasure.
For on that Day, none will punish.
With the punishment of Allah, anyone.
In the world.
And none will bind like the binding of Allah.
Anyone in the world.
"O tranquil soul.
At peace.
Return.
To your Lord.
Well-pleased.
And well-pleasing.
So enter among My servants.
And enter.
My Paradise."
O soul that is.
Tranquil with the promise of Allah.
Which He promised.
The people of faith in Him in the world.
Of honor in the Hereafter.
And you believed in that.
Return to your Lord.
This is a message.
From Allah, may His majesty be exalted.
Through the angels to the soul of the believer.
At the time of resurrection.
Commanding it to return to the body.
Of its owner.
"So enter among My righteous servants.
And enter My Paradise."
This is the summary from the Tafsir of al-Tabari.