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In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful.

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With pens of longing and ink of love,

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We inscribe words more precious than gold,

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In describing the Master of Creation, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him.

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The Prophetic characteristics (Shama'il).

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Chapter: On the manner of the Messenger of Allah’s walking, peace be upon him.

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The "walk" refers to the posture a person habitually adopts while walking.

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Abu Hurayrah, may Allah be pleased with him, said:

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"I have never seen anything more beautiful than the Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him;

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It was as if the sun were coursing across his face.

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Nor have I seen anyone walk faster than the Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him;

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It was as if the earth were drawn together for him.

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We would exert ourselves, while he walked with ease."

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In this hadith, Abu Hurayrah, may Allah be pleased with him, says:

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"I have never seen anything more beautiful than the Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him."

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He did not say, "I have never seen a person,"

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Rather, he said, "I have never seen anything,"

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To encompass everything he had seen,

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Whether human, moon, sun,

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Or any other beautiful, radiant, and lovely thing.

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His saying, "It was as if the sun were coursing across his face,"

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Means due to the intense radiance and brilliance of his face, peace be upon him,

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It appeared to the observer as if the sun were shining upon his face.

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And his saying:

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"Nor have I seen anyone walk faster than the Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him,"

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This is the evidence (the point of focus) of the hadith.

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"It was as if the earth were drawn together for him,"

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Meaning it was as if the earth he walked upon would contract and bring its parts closer together.

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And his saying:

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"We would exert ourselves, while he walked with ease,"

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Meaning he walked in this manner,

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Not out of exertion or affectation,

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But it was his natural gait.

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Yet,

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The Companions would exert themselves when walking with him.

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This points to the strength of his physique, peace be upon him.

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Ibn al-Qayyim, may Allah have mercy on him, said:

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"When he walked, he would lean forward as if descending a slope.

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He had the fastest, most beautiful, and most composed walk of all people."

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A benefit:

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His guidance, peace be upon him, in walking was the most perfect guidance.

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It was moderate, as was his way in all his affairs,

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Acting upon the words of Allah the Exalted:

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﴾ And be moderate in your pace ﴿

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Meaning, let your walk be between excess and negligence.

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When he walked, peace be upon him,

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It was as if he were descending from a slope,

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Meaning as if he were walking down a decline in the earth.

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Ibn Abbas, may Allah be pleased with them both, said:

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"The Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him, would walk in a manner

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Whereby it was known he was neither weak nor lazy."

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As for his walking with his Companions, peace be upon him,

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They would walk in front of him while he was behind them,

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And he would say, "Leave my back for the angels."

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He would walk both barefoot and wearing sandals.

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He would walk with his Companions both individually and in groups.

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Once, during one of his military expeditions, he was walking,

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And his finger bled, and blood flowed from it.

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He said, "You are but a finger that has bled;

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It is in the path of Allah that you have suffered."

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While traveling, he would walk behind his Companions,

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Assisting the weak, letting them ride with him, and praying for them.

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Chapter: On the Messenger of Allah’s covering his head (taqannu'), peace be upon him.

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Taqannu' is the placing of a covering over the head.

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It refers to covering the head with a piece of cloth or the like.

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There is a weak hadith in this chapter that contains an objectionable element in its text,

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But what is mentioned in Sahih al-Bukhari is appropriate for this chapter.

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Aisha, may Allah be pleased with her, said:

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"While we were sitting one day in Abu Bakr’s house at the height of noon,

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Someone said to Abu Bakr,

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'This is the Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him, with his head covered,'

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Meaning he was covering his head.

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The Prophet, peace be upon him, only did this at that hour

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Because he was hiding from the people of Makkah while heading to Madinah.

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He did it out of necessity, and it was not his habit to cover his head."

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Chapter: On the Messenger of Allah’s manner of sitting, peace be upon him.

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Meaning, an explanation of the hadiths regarding the description of the Messenger of Allah’s sitting, peace be upon him.

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The "sitting" refers to the posture and state of the one who is seated.

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Qaylah bint Makhramah, may Allah be pleased with her, reported

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That she saw the Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him, in the mosque

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Sitting in the *iq'a* (squatting) position.

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She said, "When I saw the Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him, so humble in his sitting,

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I trembled with awe."

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This hadith states that Qaylah bint Makhramah, may Allah be pleased with her,

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Saw the Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him, in the mosque sitting in the *iq'a* position.

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The *iq'a* position is for a man to sit on his buttocks,

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Drawing his thighs toward his abdomen and holding them with his arms.

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It is called *iq'a* because the body is "gathered" (taqarfas) in it,

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Meaning it draws together and joins parts to one another.

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It is also called *ihtiba'*.

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Her saying, "so humble in his sitting,"

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Means the one upon whom complete humility is manifest.

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This provides an explanation of the Prophet’s manner of sitting, peace be upon him,

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And his humility and reverence before his Lord.

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It shows that although humility is essentially an act of the heart,

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It manifests in the posture of the servant.

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Her saying, "I trembled with awe,"

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Means a shivering overtook me,

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Which is the trembling of the body out of fear,

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Due to the majesty Allah had bestowed upon him, peace be upon him.

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From 'Abbad ibn Tamim, from his uncle,

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That he saw the Prophet, peace be upon him,

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Lying down in the mosque,

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Placing one of his legs over the other.

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In this hadith,

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It is the uncle of 'Abbad ibn Tamim,

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Who is the noble Companion,

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'Abdullah ibn Zayd ibn 'Asim, may Allah be pleased with him,

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The one who was shown the Adhan in a dream,

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And who participated in killing Musaylimah with a sword,

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Along with the spear-throw of Wahshi.

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This Companion recounts that he saw the Prophet, peace be upon him,

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Lying down in the mosque,

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Meaning resting on his back.

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This does not necessarily imply sleeping.

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It is well known that if lying down is permissible in the mosque,

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Then sitting in it is permissible a fortiori.

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That is why this hadith is mentioned in this chapter.

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His saying, "placing one of his legs over the other,"

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This applies to placing one leg over the other

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Whether the feet are extended,

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Or by raising one foot,

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And placing the other upon it.

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This posture is sometimes adopted by a person for comfort

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If they have need of it.

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It is not a customary posture that one adopts initially,

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Therefore, it is not usually done in public gatherings.

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Rather, a person does it

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When they are alone in the mosque or elsewhere,

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Or among a small number of companions where they have need of it.

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It has been narrated in Muslim from Jabir, may Allah be pleased with him,

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That the Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him,

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Forbade a man from raising one of his legs over the other

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While lying on his back.

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Al-Nawawi, may Allah have mercy on him, said:

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"The scholars said:

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The hadiths forbidding lying down

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While raising one leg over the other

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Are interpreted as referring to a state where the private parts or some part of them might be exposed.

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As for the action of the Prophet, peace be upon him,

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It was done in a way that nothing of that would be exposed.

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This is acceptable,

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And there is no dislike in it when done in that manner."

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He also said:

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"It is possible that the Prophet, peace be upon him, did it to demonstrate its permissibility."

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From Abu Sa'id al-Khudri, may Allah be pleased with him, who said:

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"The Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him,

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When sitting in the mosque, would sit in the *ihtiba'* position with his hands."

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In this hadith, Abu Sa'id al-Khudri, may Allah be pleased with him, informs us

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That the Prophet, peace be upon him,

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When he sat in the mosque, would sit in the *ihtiba'* position with his hands.

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*Ihtiba'* is for a person to sit on their buttocks,

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Drawing the abdomen and shins toward the thighs,

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And clasping them with their hands in front of the shins,

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Or by wrapping a piece of cloth behind the back instead of using the hands.

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It is a posture that rests the body,

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And spares a person from needing to lean against a wall or the like.

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*Ihtiba'* is the sitting posture of the Bedouins.

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In ancient times, they said:

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"*Ihtiba'* is the walls of the Arabs,"

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Meaning there are no walls in the open desert,

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So when they wanted to lean, they would sit in *ihtiba'*,

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As the garment prevents them from falling,

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And serves for them as a wall.

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*Ihtiba'* is confirmed from the Prophet, peace be upon him,

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In several instances.

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It was his constant habit to sit in *ihtiba'* in the mosque.

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A benefit:

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Other hadiths besides these have been narrated

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Regarding the manner of his sitting, peace be upon him.

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Among them is what was narrated from Jabir ibn Samurah, may Allah be pleased with him, who said:

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"The Prophet, peace be upon him,

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When he had prayed the Fajr prayer,

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Would sit cross-legged in his place until the sun rose brightly."

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Chapter: On the Messenger of Allah’s leaning/cushion (tak'ah), peace be upon him.

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Meaning, an explanation of the hadiths narrated

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Regarding the Messenger of Allah’s leaning, peace be upon him.

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The *tak'ah*

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Is that which one leans upon, such as a pillow or other things,

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Which have been prepared and arranged for that purpose.

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From Jabir ibn Samurah, may Allah be pleased with him, who said:

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"I saw the Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him,

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Leaning on a pillow on his left side."

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In this hadith,

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It is stated that the Prophet, peace be upon him, was leaning on a pillow,

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Which is a cushion,

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As it was the *tak'ah* of the Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him.

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His saying, "on his left side,"

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Means on his left flank.

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He might also lean on his right side.

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This leaning

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Is something a person needs because it rests the body.

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In a narration from Jabir ibn Samurah, may Allah be pleased with him, he said:

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"I entered upon the Prophet, peace be upon him,

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And saw him leaning on his elbow."

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This narration clarifies

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That the Prophet, peace be upon him,

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Was relying on his elbow in that leaning of his.

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This posture is neither contrary to dignity nor to humility.

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On the authority of 'Abd al-Rahman ibn Abi Bakrah, from his father, who said:

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The Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, said:

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"Shall I not inform you of the greatest of the major sins?"

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They replied, "Yes, O Messenger of Allah."

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He said, "Associating partners with Allah,"

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"and disobedience to parents."

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He said: The Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him, then sat up,

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for he had been reclining.

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He said: "And bearing false witness, or speaking falsehood."

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He said: The Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him, continued to repeat this,

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until we wished he would fall silent.

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In this hadith, the noble Companion Abu Bakrah, may Allah be pleased with him, informs us

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that the Prophet, peace be upon him, said to his Companions one day:

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"Shall I not inform you of the greatest of the major sins?"

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This is a method the Prophet, peace be upon him, frequently employed,

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as it is effective in teaching and guidance,

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for it captures hearts and commands attention.

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Regarding his statement, "Associating partners with Allah,"

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this is the greatest of the major sins and the most grievous injustice.

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Allah the Almighty says:

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“And (remember) when Luqman said unto his son, when he was exhorting him: O my dear son! Ascribe no partners unto Allah. Lo! to ascribe partners (unto Him) is a tremendous wrong -” (31:13)

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Regarding his statement, "and disobedience to parents,"

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the term "disobedience" encompasses every form of mistreatment toward parents.

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The Prophet, peace be upon him, mentioned the rights of parents immediately after the major sin of polytheism,

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which is evidence of the gravity of their rights and the severity of disobeying them.

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Regarding his statement, "The Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him, sat up, for he had been reclining,"

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this is the point of evidence in the hadith.

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It is understood from this that there is no harm in a person reclining while teaching certain matters of knowledge,

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and changing one's posture serves to signal the importance of the matter,

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and to emphasize its prohibition and extreme vileness.

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Regarding his statement, "and bearing false witness, or speaking falsehood,"

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the doubt is from the narrator.

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"Falsehood" (al-zur) refers to concealment and deception,

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and presenting things contrary to their true reality, as a lie and a fabrication.

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Regarding his statement, "The Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him, continued to repeat this until we wished he would fall silent,"

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this was out of compassion and mercy for him, peace be upon him.

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On the authority of Abu Juhayfah, may Allah be pleased with him, who said:

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The Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him, said:

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"As for me, I do not eat while reclining."

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This hadith indicates that the Prophet, peace be upon him, would not eat in a reclining position.

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There is a difference of opinion regarding the interpretation of the prohibited reclining.

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Some said it means to sit comfortably for eating in any manner, including sitting cross-legged.

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Some scholars asserted that it specifically means leaning on one of the sides.

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They also differed regarding the wisdom behind the prohibition; according to the first interpretation, it is so the eater does not consume too much food,

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which would lead to obesity and an enlarged abdomen.

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According to the second interpretation, which is leaning on one side,

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it is said that this is the habit of the arrogant and those who eat gluttonously.

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It is also said that one who eats while reclining does not allow the food to descend easily through its passage,

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nor does it go down smoothly, and one might be harmed by it, so it is for a health-related reason.

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As for eating while lying down, it is even more disliked, as some scholars have stated.

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The hadith has more to follow, if Allah wills, and Allah knows best.

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May the peace and blessings of Allah be upon our Prophet Muhammad, and upon all his family and companions.