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In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful.

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Mawaddah Association presents:

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"Events in Ramadan."

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By Abd al-Rahman Ra'fat al-Basha.

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The Battle of Amorium.

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In the year 223 AH.

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During the blessed month of Ramadan.

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Al-Mu'tasim ibn al-Rashid stormed the fortresses of Amorium.

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With 150,000 of his soldiers.

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He conquered the city that had defied all conquerors.

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From the era of Alexander the Great until his own day.

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The Battle of Amorium was a shining star on the forehead of time.

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A pearl in the history of Islam.

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And a crown that adorned the brow of al-Mu'tasim.

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Regarding the impregnable, fortified Amorium.

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And its glorious, celebrated day.

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And the Caliph who shook its foundations.

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And dismantled its structures.

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It is an exciting story, whose warp is faith.

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And whose woof is chivalry.

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So come, let us contemplate this great day.

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For it is one of the magnificent days of Allah.

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This story begins.

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The day Babak al-Khurrami sent a letter.

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One of the tyrants of the Persians.

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Who rebelled against Islam and the Muslims.

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A letter to Theophilus, the King of the Romans.

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In which he said:

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"I have resisted the Muslims for twenty years.

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And I have finished off 250,000.

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Of their finest soldiers.

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And I have defeated seven of their greatest commanders.

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And I have exhausted thousands upon thousands.

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Of their precious wealth.

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And I have stood between them and their ability to tread upon the mountain passes.

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Of the region located in the highlands of Persia.

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And al-Mu'tasim al-'Abbasi.

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Wanted to take revenge for himself.

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And al-Ma'mun had carried out [campaigns] before him.

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So he sent all his armies to fight me.

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And he dispatched his elite men to combat me.

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To the point that among their soldiers.

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Was his tailor who sews his clothes.

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And his cook who prepares his food.

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So if you wish to take revenge for your religion and your people.

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Against the Muslims and their Caliph.

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Then seize this opportunity that will not be repeated.

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And beware of letting it slip away, for you will regret it.

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Where regret will be of no avail."

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Theophilus became certain of the truth of what was reported to him.

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By Babak al-Khurrami.

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And he knew that the Caliph of the Muslims.

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Had resolved to put an end to Babak's movement.

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No matter how high the price.

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So Theophilus did not want to miss this opportunity.

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For himself and his people.

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And he resolved to take revenge on the Caliphs of the Muslims.

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Who had forced them more than once.

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To pay the jizya while they were in a state of humiliation.

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So Theophilus prepared his equipment for the matter.

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And made his preparations.

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And headed toward the city of Zibatra.

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The birthplace of al-Mu'tasim.

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With 170,000 of his soldiers.

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And he descended upon the stricken city like death itself.

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He demolished its fortresses.

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And violated its land.

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And took its defenders captive.

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And enslaved its women and children.

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And all of that did not quench the rage in his chest.

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Until he mutilated his captives in the worst possible way.

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He gouged out their eyes.

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And cut off their noses and ears.

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And paraded them throughout his lands.

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Meanwhile, the Khurrami movement.

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Had breathed its last.

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Under the weight of al-Mu'tasim's massive armies.

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And its idol, Babak.

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Had fallen captive into the hands of the brave Muslim soldiers.

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And the Caliph al-Mu'tasim would go out to review his victorious army.

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And would bestow upon his triumphant commander two jeweled scarves.

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And would reward him and his soldiers with 20,000,000 dirhams.

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And while the celebrations were reaching their peak throughout the lands of the Muslims.

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And the soldiers were parading the head of Babak al-Khurrami.

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News of the Zibatra catastrophe reached al-Mu'tasim.

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And it was reported to him that a Muslim woman, one of the chaste and virtuous.

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Had fallen into the hands of a brute from among the Romans.

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And when he intended to enslave her, she cried out:

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"Wa Mu'tasima!" (Oh, Mu'tasim!)

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The call shook his chivalry and stirred his manhood.

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And he rose from his throne saying:

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"At your service, at your service!"

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Al-Mu'tasim rose immediately.

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And donned his armor and girded his weapon.

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And carried a bag and placed his provisions in it.

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And mounted his horse.

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And called for mobilization while at the gates of his palace.

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And swore not to return to it except as a martyr carried on shoulders.

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Or victorious, avenging the precious, stricken city.

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And the wronged Muslim woman.

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Then he left the Caliphate palace immediately.

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And stayed ten nights in the public house in Baghdad.

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To prepare the equipment, draw up the plan, and mobilize the army.

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And when he had prepared an equipment the likes of which no Caliph of the Muslims had ever prepared.

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He brought the judge of Baghdad, 'Abd al-Rahman ibn Ishaq.

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And brought with him three hundred men of integrity.

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And he had them witness his will and the distribution of his estate.

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He gave a third of his wealth to Allah.

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And the rest to his wives, children, and freedmen.

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And he took from all his wealth only his shroud.

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Al-Mu'tasim set out to meet the enemy of Allah and his own enemy with a massive army.

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In it, as the historians say.

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Were 80,000 piebald horses.

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And 80,000 black horses.

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And whatever Allah willed of catapults, equipment, and war machinery.

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And that is in addition to what the soldiers needed.

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Of leather water basins, water skins, and flasks.

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And he set his destination for Amorium.

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That is because it was the heart of Christianity.

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And the road leading to Constantinople.

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And the city that conquerors had desired.

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From the era of Alexander until the day of al-Mu'tasim.

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But it defied them and turned them back defeated.

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And that was only because it had fortified walls.

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And towering battlements.

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And furthermore, it was the city of the ruling family.

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And the birthplace of Theophilus, the Emperor of the Romans.

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Al-Mu'tasim sent a large division of his massive army to Ankara.

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To confront Theophilus and distract him from himself.

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And he headed with the rest of his army toward Amorium.

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And when he approached the great city.

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He divided his army into three armies.

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And assigned to each of them a commander to lead it.

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And designated for each army a day to fight in rotation.

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And when the first army arrived.

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It circled Amorium twice.

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Then took its position at its walls.

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Then the second army followed it.

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And circled it once.

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And occupied its designated position.

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Then the third army followed them.

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And settled in the place allotted to it.

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And in the first week of the blessed month of Ramadan.

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In the year 223 AH.

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The catapults had been set up around the walls of Amorium on every side.

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And the three Muslim armies.

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Were surrounding the fortified city.

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Like waves surrounding an island in the sea.

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And encircling it like shackles on wrists.

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The first army fought in its turn.

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And performed the greatest of deeds in its fighting.

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Then the second army followed them in its turn.

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And exceeded the first army and surpassed it.

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Then the third army followed them.

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And it was under the command of al-Mu'tasim himself.

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And he displayed such forms of courage and types of skill.

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That it almost made people forget the merit of the two previous armies.

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And the fighting continued in this manner for several days.

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However, the city's towering walls.

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Stood firm against the blows of the Muslims' catapults.

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And were not significantly affected by them.

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But that did not weaken the resolve of al-Mu'tasim and his army.

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And it did not trouble them, due to their confidence in victory.

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Rather, they were troubled by another matter.

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Which Abu Bakr al-Suli narrated, saying:

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Ya'qub ibn Ja'far ibn Sulayman narrated, saying:

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"I campaigned with al-Mu'tasim on the day of Amorium.

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And there was a man from the Romans who would stand every day.

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On one of the walls of the city.

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And would insult the Prophet, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him.

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In Arabic, with the most vile insults.

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And would mention his name and lineage.

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This weighed heavily on the Muslims.

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And stirred their emotions.

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And they began to shoot arrows at him, but they would not hit him.

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And I was a good archer.

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So while the man was performing that heinous act.

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I aimed at him with an arrow.

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And I hit his throat.

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He fell from atop the wall.

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The Muslims shouted 'Allahu Akbar' and praised Allah.

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And al-Mu'tasim was pleased and said:

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'Bring me the man who shot him.'

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So I stood before him.

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And he welcomed me most warmly.

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And praised me most generously.

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Then he said:

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'Who are you?'

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So I told him my lineage.

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And I was from Banu Hashim.

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So he said:

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'Praise be to Allah who made the reward for this arrow.

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For a man from my own family.'

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Then he turned to me and said:

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'Sell me your reward for this arrow.'

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I said:

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'The reward is not something that can be sold, O Commander of the Faithful.'

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He said:

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I desire to reward you.

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He offered me one hundred thousand dirhams.

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I said, "I will not sell my reward."

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He kept increasing the amount,

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until it reached five hundred thousand dirhams.

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I said,

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"I will not sell my reward for the world and all that is in it."

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"However, I have gifted you half the reward of this specific military campaign."

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"And Allah is my witness to that."

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Al-Mu'tasim was overjoyed and said,

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"May Allah reward you with goodness."

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He then turned away from me to fight the enemy of Allah and his own enemy.

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The Muslim siege engines continued,

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striking the city for ten consecutive days.

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Hoping to create a breach in it, but they did not succeed.

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Then, destiny aided Al-Mu'tasim through a man from among the Muslims.

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The Byzantines had captured him some years prior.

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He had converted to Christianity and resided in Amorium.

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But as soon as he saw the Islamic army raising the call to prayer across the horizon,

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and heard the declaration of Allah's oneness and greatness,

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his soul yearned for the religion of Allah.

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Faith in Allah awakened in his heart.

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He snuck out of the fortified city,

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and sought refuge with the Muslim armies.

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He declared the two testimonies of faith.

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He revealed a great secret to Al-Mu'tasim.

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He informed Al-Mu'tasim,

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that a section of the city wall had collapsed,

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due to a violent flood that had swept through it.

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The Byzantine Emperor Theophilus had written to his governor in Amorium to rebuild it.

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The governor had been negligent in doing so.

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As soon as he learned of your approach,

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he rushed to build the outer face of the wall with stones,

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while leaving the interior deceptively hollow.

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He then guided Al-Mu'tasim to that exact spot.

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The Caliph directed the siege engines toward that location.

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He began to bombard it with a continuous, relentless barrage.

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Until the wall cracked,

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and a breach opened up in it.

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At that moment,

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the Muslim soldiers rushed toward the open breach,

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like the thirsty rushing to a cool spring on a scorching day.

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They crowded shoulder to shoulder to meet the enemy of Allah and their own enemy inside the city.

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A fierce battle ensued between the small group that managed to penetrate Amorium,

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and the vast multitude of the Byzantines.

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It was a brutal conflict.

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In which nothing could be heard but the clashing of swords,

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the murmurs of the combatants,

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the rattling of spears, and the groans of the wounded.

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The sun of the seventeenth day of Ramadan did not set,

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in the year two hundred and twenty-three after the Hijrah,

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until the ancient and formidable city,

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had been opened before the victorious Muslim armies.

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Al-Mu'tasim ibn al-Rashid was seen,

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entering the city of Amorium on the back of his reddish-brown horse.

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His head was bowed in submission to Allah,

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and in gratitude for His blessings.

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On this day of Amorium, the Muslims gained,

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spoils that could not be counted and were beyond price.

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They took seventy thousand of its inhabitants captive.

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They brought the spoils and the captives out to the outskirts of the city.

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Then Al-Mu'tasim ordered that Amorium be dealt with;

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its walls were leveled,

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its structures demolished,

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and its landmarks erased.

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Fires were set to burn in it for many days,

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until he left it as a barren, leveled plain,

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as if it had not flourished just yesterday.

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The victorious Caliph returned to Baghdad, the seat of his kingdom.

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The glad tidings of the great conquest had preceded him.

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The people came out in their entirety,

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welcoming him with the declaration of Allah's oneness,

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greeting him with the declaration of His greatness,

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and scattering basil and flowers upon his procession.

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Poets met him with panegyrics.

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Abu Tammam recited before him his famous ode that will endure for all time.

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Addressing him in it, he said:

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"O Caliph of Allah, may Allah reward your efforts on behalf of,

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the root of religion, Islam, and noble lineage."

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"You sought the greatest comfort, yet you saw it could not be,

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attained except upon a bridge of hardship."

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"If there is any kinship among the vicissitudes of time,

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that is connected or a bond that is not severed,"

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"then between your days in which you were granted victory,

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and the days of Badr, there is the closest of kinships."

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And it is no wonder,

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for Badr was on the seventeenth of Ramadan,

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and Amorium was on the seventeenth of it as well.

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How excellent is Ramadan,

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and how excellent are its glorious, blessed days.