1 00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:05,469 In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful. 2 00:00:05,469 --> 00:00:07,469 A summary of the book 3 00:00:07,469 --> 00:00:09,470 Ramadan: 4 00:00:09,470 --> 00:00:11,470 Events and Lessons. 5 00:00:11,470 --> 00:00:16,260 The birth of Ibn Khaldun 6 00:00:16,260 --> 00:00:18,260 and his death. 7 00:00:18,260 --> 00:00:22,379 Chronology: 8 00:00:22,379 --> 00:00:24,379 He was born at the beginning of the month of Ramadan 9 00:00:24,379 --> 00:00:28,379 in the year 732 AH. 10 00:00:28,379 --> 00:00:30,379 His death 11 00:00:30,379 --> 00:00:32,380 occurred with four days remaining in Ramadan 12 00:00:32,380 --> 00:00:34,380 in the year 808 13 00:00:34,380 --> 00:00:40,219 AH. 14 00:00:40,219 --> 00:00:42,219 Ibn Khaldun: 15 00:00:42,219 --> 00:00:44,219 A personality whose fame spread far and wide, 16 00:00:44,219 --> 00:00:46,219 whose reputation became widespread, 17 00:00:46,219 --> 00:00:48,219 and who received a great deal 18 00:00:48,219 --> 00:00:50,219 of attention and celebration. 19 00:00:50,219 --> 00:00:52,219 This was not only 20 00:00:52,219 --> 00:00:54,219 from Muslims, 21 00:00:54,219 --> 00:00:56,219 but was also celebrated by 22 00:00:56,219 --> 00:00:58,219 writers, philosophers, 23 00:00:58,219 --> 00:01:00,219 and non-Muslim thinkers. 24 00:01:00,219 --> 00:01:02,380 This great interest 25 00:01:02,380 --> 00:01:04,379 was not 26 00:01:04,379 --> 00:01:06,379 due to the sheer number of works 27 00:01:06,379 --> 00:01:08,379 that Ibn Khaldun left behind, 28 00:01:08,379 --> 00:01:10,379 but rather due to the emergence of his unique genius 29 00:01:10,379 --> 00:01:12,379 in his book, 30 00:01:12,379 --> 00:01:14,379 *The Muqaddimah* (The Introduction), 31 00:01:14,379 --> 00:01:16,379 which revealed his breadth of knowledge, 32 00:01:16,379 --> 00:01:18,379 depth of analysis and critique, 33 00:01:18,379 --> 00:01:20,379 and extensive 34 00:01:20,379 --> 00:01:22,379 mastery of the sciences, 35 00:01:22,379 --> 00:01:24,379 along with his brilliant pioneering work 36 00:01:24,379 --> 00:01:26,379 in establishing sociology, 37 00:01:26,379 --> 00:01:28,379 as well as theories and principles 38 00:01:28,379 --> 00:01:30,379 related to the sciences of economics 39 00:01:30,379 --> 00:01:32,659 and politics. 40 00:01:32,659 --> 00:01:34,659 It is not viewed favorably by all parties; 41 00:01:34,659 --> 00:01:36,659 rather, it has become 42 00:01:36,659 --> 00:01:38,659 a subject of controversy among various groups 43 00:01:38,659 --> 00:01:40,659 regarding his opinions, 44 00:01:40,659 --> 00:01:42,659 his thought, his conduct, 45 00:01:42,659 --> 00:01:44,659 and his relationships with 46 00:01:44,659 --> 00:01:46,659 historical figures that were not viewed favorably. 47 00:01:46,659 --> 00:01:48,730 So much so that al-Shawkani, 48 00:01:48,730 --> 00:01:50,730 after citing 49 00:01:50,730 --> 00:01:52,730 some of what was said about Ibn Khaldun, 50 00:01:52,730 --> 00:01:54,730 said: 51 00:01:54,730 --> 00:01:56,730 "Allah knows the truth best. 52 00:01:56,730 --> 00:01:58,730 If it is true that 53 00:01:58,730 --> 00:02:00,730 those noble words came from him, 54 00:02:00,730 --> 00:02:02,730 then he is among those whom Allah has led astray 55 00:02:02,730 --> 00:02:04,730 despite his knowledge." 56 00:02:04,730 --> 00:02:08,069 The name of Ibn Khaldun, 57 00:02:08,069 --> 00:02:10,069 his lineage, and his birth, 58 00:02:10,069 --> 00:02:12,580 may Allah have mercy on him: 59 00:02:12,580 --> 00:02:14,580 He is ‘Abd al-Rahman ibn Muhammad 60 00:02:14,580 --> 00:02:16,580 ibn Muhammad ibn Khaldun 61 00:02:16,580 --> 00:02:18,580 ibn al-Hasan ibn Muhammad ibn Jabir 62 00:02:18,580 --> 00:02:20,580 ibn Muhammad ibn Ibrahim 63 00:02:20,580 --> 00:02:22,580 ibn Muhammad, 64 00:02:22,580 --> 00:02:24,580 Wali al-Din, 65 00:02:24,580 --> 00:02:26,580 al-Ishbili al-Tunisi, 66 00:02:26,580 --> 00:02:28,580 then al-Qahiri, 67 00:02:28,580 --> 00:02:30,580 al-Maliki. 68 00:02:30,580 --> 00:02:39,580 The social scientist and researcher, Abu Zayd al-Hadrami, a descendant of Wa'il ibn Hujr. 69 00:02:39,580 --> 00:02:51,349 He was born at the beginning of Ramadan in the year 732 AH in Tunis. His upbringing and education, may Allah have mercy on him: 70 00:02:51,349 --> 00:03:00,699 Ibn Khaldun grew up in an academic environment and received a diverse education, including both religious and worldly sciences, 71 00:03:00,699 --> 00:03:08,930 as well as transmitted and rational sciences, taking a share of every discipline. Al-Sakhawi said: 72 00:03:08,930 --> 00:03:16,930 "He memorized the Qur'an, the two Shatibiyyah poems, the *Mukhtasar* of Ibn al-Hajib on *fiqh*, and *al-Tashil* on grammar." 73 00:03:16,930 --> 00:03:24,930 He studied *fiqh* under Abu ‘Abd Allah Muhammad ibn ‘Abd Allah al-Jiyani and Abu al-Qasim Muhammad ibn al-Qusayr. 74 00:03:24,930 --> 00:03:30,930 He read *al-Tahdhib* by Abu Sa‘id al-Baradhi‘i under him, and studied *fiqh* with him. 75 00:03:30,930 --> 00:03:37,930 He frequented the circle of the Chief Judge Abu ‘Abd Allah Muhammad ibn ‘Abd al-Salam and benefited from him. 76 00:03:37,930 --> 00:03:42,930 From him and from Abu ‘Abd Allah al-Wadiyashi, he heard *hadith*. 77 00:03:42,930 --> 00:03:50,930 He wrote in his own hand that he heard *Sahih al-Bukhari* from Abu al-Barakat al-Bulqini, and some of it by authorization (*ijazah*). 78 00:03:50,930 --> 00:03:56,930 He studied the *Muwatta'* under Ibn ‘Abd al-Salam and *Sahih Muslim* under al-Wadiyashi. 79 00:03:56,930 --> 00:04:03,930 He learned the seven canonical readings, both individually and collectively; he even completed a full recitation for Ya‘qub 80 00:04:03,930 --> 00:04:09,930 under the scholar Abu ‘Abd Allah Muhammad ibn Sa‘d ibn Nazal al-Ansari. 81 00:04:09,930 --> 00:04:17,930 He presented the Shatibiyyah and Arabic grammar to him, as well as to his father, Abu ‘Abd Allah Muhammad ibn al-‘Arabi al-Hasari, 82 00:04:18,930 --> 00:04:25,930 Abu ‘Abd Allah ibn Bahr, the reciter Abu ‘Abd Allah Muhammad ibn al-Shawwas al-Zawawi, 83 00:04:25,930 --> 00:04:32,930 and Abu ‘Abd Allah ibn al-Qassar. He kept the company of al-‘Ala’ Abu ‘Abd Allah al-Ishbili and benefited from him. 84 00:04:32,930 --> 00:04:37,959 He also studied under Abu Muhammad ‘Abd al-Muhaymin al-Hadrami 85 00:04:37,959 --> 00:04:45,959 and Abu ‘Abd Allah Muhammad ibn Ibrahim al-Abuli, the master of rational sciences in the Maghrib, among others. 86 00:04:45,959 --> 00:04:52,959 He devoted himself to literature, writing, and calligraphy, learning these from his father and others. 87 00:04:52,959 --> 00:05:00,959 He excelled in all of these, memorizing the *Mu‘allaqat*, the *Hamasah* of al-A‘lam, the poetry of Habib ibn Aws, 88 00:05:00,959 --> 00:05:10,889 a portion of the poetry of al-Mutanabbi, and *Siqt al-Zand* by al-Ma‘arri. His travels and positions, may Allah have mercy on him: 89 00:05:10,889 --> 00:05:16,050 Ibn Khaldun traveled through many regions in the East and the West, 90 00:05:16,050 --> 00:05:19,050 to the point that he authored a book about his travels. 91 00:05:19,050 --> 00:05:26,050 In every place he stayed, he was met with honor and hospitality by its rulers and people. 92 00:05:26,050 --> 00:05:30,050 Conversely, he also encountered some harm and trials. 93 00:05:30,050 --> 00:05:35,110 Al-Sakhawi said: "He became attached to royal service, 94 00:05:35,110 --> 00:05:39,110 and held the position of secretary for the ruler of Tunis." 95 00:05:39,110 --> 00:05:43,110 Then he traveled in the year 753 to Fez, 96 00:05:43,110 --> 00:05:46,110 where he came before its sultan, Abu ‘Inan. 97 00:05:46,110 --> 00:05:50,110 He was then tested and imprisoned for about two years. 98 00:05:50,110 --> 00:05:55,110 Later, he served as the private secretary for Abu Salim, the brother of Abu ‘Inan, 99 00:05:55,110 --> 00:05:58,110 and also oversaw the redress of grievances (*mazalim*). 100 00:05:58,110 --> 00:06:00,110 Then he entered Andalusia, 101 00:06:00,110 --> 00:06:04,110 arriving in Granada in early Rabi‘ al-Awwal 102 00:06:04,110 --> 00:06:06,110 in the year 764. 103 00:06:06,110 --> 00:06:09,110 Its sultan, Ibn al-Ahmar, received him upon his arrival 104 00:06:09,110 --> 00:06:12,110 and included him among his council members. 105 00:06:12,110 --> 00:06:16,110 He served as his envoy to the leader of the Franks in Seville, 106 00:06:16,110 --> 00:06:18,110 who honored and respected him, 107 00:06:18,110 --> 00:06:22,110 supported him, and he fulfilled the mission he was tasked with. 108 00:06:22,110 --> 00:06:26,110 Then he traveled in the year 766 to Bejaia, 109 00:06:26,110 --> 00:06:30,110 where its ruler entrusted him with the administration of his kingdom for a time. 110 00:06:30,110 --> 00:06:34,110 He then moved to Tlemcen at the invitation of its ruler, 111 00:06:34,110 --> 00:06:37,110 and stayed in Wadi al-‘Arab for a period. 112 00:06:37,110 --> 00:06:40,110 Then he traveled from Biskra to Fez, 113 00:06:40,110 --> 00:06:42,110 but was robbed on the way, 114 00:06:42,110 --> 00:06:45,110 and the ruler there died before his arrival. 115 00:06:45,110 --> 00:06:49,110 Despite this, he stayed there for about two years. 116 00:06:49,110 --> 00:06:52,110 Then he traveled to Andalusia, 117 00:06:52,110 --> 00:06:54,110 then returned to Tlemcen, 118 00:06:54,110 --> 00:06:57,110 where he stayed for four years. 119 00:06:57,110 --> 00:07:01,110 He then departed in Rajab of the year 780 for Tunis, 120 00:07:01,110 --> 00:07:04,110 staying there from Sha‘ban 121 00:07:04,110 --> 00:07:06,110 until he requested permission to perform Hajj, 122 00:07:06,110 --> 00:07:08,110 which was granted to him. 123 00:07:08,110 --> 00:07:11,110 He crossed the sea to Alexandria, 124 00:07:11,110 --> 00:07:15,110 then arrived in the Egyptian lands in Dhu al-Qa‘dah 125 00:07:15,110 --> 00:07:17,110 of the year 784. 126 00:07:17,110 --> 00:07:20,110 He performed Hajj and then returned to Egypt. 127 00:07:20,110 --> 00:07:23,110 Its people welcomed him and honored him, 128 00:07:23,110 --> 00:07:26,110 frequently keeping his company and visiting him. 129 00:07:26,110 --> 00:07:30,110 He even began teaching at the Al-Azhar Mosque for a time. 130 00:07:30,110 --> 00:07:33,110 He kept the company of al-Tanbugha al-Jubani, 131 00:07:33,110 --> 00:07:37,110 who took care of him until al-Zahir Barquq appointed him 132 00:07:37,110 --> 00:07:40,110 to teach at the Qamhiyyah school in Egypt, 133 00:07:40,110 --> 00:07:43,110 and then as the Maliki Chief Judge in the Egyptian lands 134 00:07:43,110 --> 00:07:47,110 in Jumada al-Akhirah of the year 786. 135 00:07:47,110 --> 00:07:49,110 He became stern with people, 136 00:07:49,110 --> 00:07:52,110 to the point that he would not stand for any of the judges 137 00:07:52,110 --> 00:07:55,110 when they entered to greet him, 138 00:07:55,110 --> 00:07:58,110 though he would apologize to those who reproached him for it in general. 139 00:07:58,110 --> 00:08:03,110 He took severe measures against many of the prominent notaries and witnesses, 140 00:08:03,110 --> 00:08:05,110 and began punishing them with slaps, 141 00:08:05,110 --> 00:08:07,110 which he called *al-zajj* (the reprimand). 142 00:08:07,110 --> 00:08:10,110 If he became angry with someone, he would say, 143 00:08:10,110 --> 00:08:11,110 "Reprimand him!" 144 00:08:11,110 --> 00:08:14,110 and he would be slapped until his neck turned red. 145 00:08:14,110 --> 00:08:16,110 It is said 146 00:08:16,110 --> 00:08:20,110 that when the people of the Maghrib heard of his appointment as judge, 147 00:08:20,110 --> 00:08:24,110 they were astonished and attributed the Egyptians' choice to a lack of knowledge, 148 00:08:24,110 --> 00:08:27,110 to the extent that Ibn ‘Arafah said: 149 00:08:27,110 --> 00:08:31,110 "We used to consider the position of judge the greatest of offices, 150 00:08:31,110 --> 00:08:33,110 but when this man took it, 151 00:08:33,110 --> 00:08:36,110 we considered it the opposite of that." 152 00:08:36,110 --> 00:08:38,139 He was dismissed and then reinstated, 153 00:08:38,139 --> 00:08:40,139 and this happened repeatedly 154 00:08:40,139 --> 00:08:42,139 until he died while serving as a judge, 155 00:08:42,139 --> 00:08:44,139 may Allah forgive him. 156 00:08:44,139 --> 00:08:48,419 His works, may Allah have mercy on him: 157 00:08:48,419 --> 00:08:52,549 Ibn Khaldun did not busy himself with prolific writing, 158 00:08:52,549 --> 00:08:56,549 perhaps due to his preoccupation with his duties and travels, 159 00:08:56,549 --> 00:08:59,549 or for other reasons. 160 00:08:59,549 --> 00:09:01,549 However, his book, *The Muqaddimah*, 161 00:09:02,549 --> 00:09:05,580 sufficed him in place of many other works. 162 00:09:05,580 --> 00:09:07,580 Among his works: 163 00:09:07,580 --> 00:09:09,580 First, 164 00:09:09,580 --> 00:09:12,580 *Al-‘Ibar wa Diwan al-Mubtada' wa al-Khabar* 165 00:09:12,580 --> 00:09:15,580 *fi Tarikh al-‘Arab wa al-‘Ajam wa al-Barbar* (The Book of Lessons and Archive of Early and Subsequent History of the Arabs, Persians, and Berbers). 166 00:09:15,580 --> 00:09:19,580 It begins with the *Muqaddimah*, for which he is famous. 167 00:09:19,580 --> 00:09:21,580 Al-Shawkani said: 168 00:09:21,580 --> 00:09:26,580 "He authored a great history in seven massive volumes, 169 00:09:26,580 --> 00:09:29,580 in which he demonstrated eloquence and brilliance." 170 00:09:29,580 --> 00:09:31,580 Al-Sakhawi said: 171 00:09:31,580 --> 00:09:33,580 "Among his works, 172 00:09:33,580 --> 00:09:36,580 besides his prose and poetic compositions, 173 00:09:36,580 --> 00:09:39,580 which are like magic, 174 00:09:39,580 --> 00:09:41,580 is the great history 175 00:09:41,580 --> 00:09:43,580 titled *Al-‘Ibar* 176 00:09:43,580 --> 00:09:46,580 on the history of kings, nations, and Berbers. 177 00:09:46,580 --> 00:09:49,649 Its introduction contains all the sciences, 178 00:09:49,649 --> 00:09:53,649 and the tongues of the eloquent have failed to reach its standard, 179 00:09:53,649 --> 00:09:55,649 so they neither go nor hover near it." 180 00:09:55,649 --> 00:09:57,649 By my life, 181 00:09:57,649 --> 00:10:01,649 it is one of those works whose titles have become famous 182 00:10:01,649 --> 00:10:03,649 in contrast to their contents, 183 00:10:03,649 --> 00:10:06,649 like *Al-Aghani* (The Songs) by al-Isbahani— 184 00:10:06,649 --> 00:10:10,649 he named it *The Songs*, yet it contains a bit of everything; 185 00:10:10,649 --> 00:10:12,649 and *The History* by al-Khatib— 186 00:10:12,649 --> 00:10:14,649 he named it *The History of Baghdad*, 187 00:10:14,649 --> 00:10:17,649 yet it is a history of the world; 188 00:10:17,649 --> 00:10:20,649 and *Hilyat al-Awliya'* (The Adornment of the Saints) by Abu Nu‘aym— 189 00:10:20,649 --> 00:10:22,649 he named it *The Adornment of the Saints*, 190 00:10:22,649 --> 00:10:27,509 yet it contains a vast array of many things. 191 00:10:27,509 --> 00:10:29,509 His death, may Allah have mercy on him: 192 00:10:29,509 --> 00:10:32,539 He died suddenly on Wednesday, 193 00:10:32,539 --> 00:10:35,539 with four days remaining in Ramadan, 194 00:10:35,539 --> 00:10:38,539 in the year 808 AH, 195 00:10:38,539 --> 00:10:40,539 in Cairo, 196 00:10:40,539 --> 00:10:42,539 and was buried in the Sufi cemetery 197 00:10:42,539 --> 00:10:44,539 outside Bab al-Nasr. 198 00:10:44,539 --> 00:10:50,690 Ramadan: Events and Lessons.