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In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful.

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Summary of Tafsir al-Tabari.

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Abridged by Dr. 'Aqil ibn Salim al-Shammari.

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Surah al-Ma'idah.

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In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful.

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“But recite unto them with truth the tale of the two sons of Adam, how they offered each a sacrifice, and it was accepted from the one of them and it was not accepted from the other. (The one) said: I will surely kill thee. (The other) answered: Allah accepteth only from those who ward off (evil).” (5:27)

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When both offered a sacrifice, and it was accepted from one of them.

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“But recite unto them with truth the tale of the two sons of Adam, how they offered each a sacrifice, and it was accepted from the one of them and it was not accepted from the other. (The one) said: I will surely kill thee. (The other) answered: Allah accepteth only from those who ward off (evil).” (5:27)

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He said, "I will surely kill you."

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“But recite unto them with truth the tale of the two sons of Adam, how they offered each a sacrifice, and it was accepted from the one of them and it was not accepted from the other. (The one) said: I will surely kill thee. (The other) answered: Allah accepteth only from those who ward off (evil).” (5:27)

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And recite to these Jews

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the account of Adam's two sons, Abel and Cain,

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when both offered a sacrifice,

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and sacrifices among past nations were equivalent to charity and zakat among us,

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except that the accepted sacrifice would be consumed by fire,

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while the unaccepted sacrifice would be left untouched.

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“But recite unto them with truth the tale of the two sons of Adam, how they offered each a sacrifice, and it was accepted from the one of them and it was not accepted from the other. (The one) said: I will surely kill thee. (The other) answered: Allah accepteth only from those who ward off (evil).” (5:27)

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The one whose sacrifice was not accepted said,

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"I will surely kill you."

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The one whose sacrifice was accepted replied,

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"Allah accepts only from those who are mindful of Him and fear Him,

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by fulfilling the obligations He has enjoined upon them,

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and avoiding the acts of disobedience He has forbidden them."

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"If you stretch out your hand against me to kill me,

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“Even if thou stretch out thy hand against me to kill me, I shall not stretch out my hand against thee to kill thee, lo! I fear Allah, the Lord of the Worlds.” (5:28)

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I fear Allah, the Lord of all the worlds."

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The one threatened with murder said to his brother,

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"If you stretch out your hand against me to kill me,

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I am not going to stretch out my hand against you to kill you,

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for I fear, in stretching out my hand against you, Allah, the Sovereign of all creation,

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lest He punish me for extending my hand against you."

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"Indeed, I want you to bear my sin and your sin,

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“Lo! I would rather thou shouldst bear the punishment of the sin against me and thine own sin and become one of the owners of the fire. That is the reward of evil-doers.” (5:29)

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and that is the recompense of the wrongdoers."

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"Indeed, I want you to depart bearing your sin alongside the sin of killing me,

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because I will not kill you,

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so that by killing me, you will become one of the inhabitants of Hell;

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and the Fire is the reward of those who abandon the path of truth

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and transgress the limits set for them."

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“But (the other's) mind imposed on him the killing of his brother, so he slew him and became one of the losers.” (5:30)

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“But (the other's) mind imposed on him the killing of his brother, so he slew him and became one of the losers.” (5:30)

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But his soul prompted him to kill his brother,

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and emboldened and aided him, so he killed him,

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and he became one of the losers,

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who sold their Hereafter for their worldly life,

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suffered total loss, and failed in their bargain.

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“Then Allah sent a raven scratching up the ground, to show him how to hide his brother's naked corpse. He said: Woe unto me! Am I not able to be as this raven and so hide my brother's naked corpse? And he became repentant.” (5:31)

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to show him how to conceal his brother's corpse.

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“Then Allah sent a raven scratching up the ground, to show him how to hide his brother's naked corpse. He said: Woe unto me! Am I not able to be as this raven and so hide my brother's naked corpse? And he became repentant.” (5:31)

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"so that I may conceal my brother's corpse."

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And he became one of the remorseful.

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So Allah dispatched to the killer—

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when he did not know what to do with his slain brother—

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a crow scratching the ground,

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kicking up dust to show him how to conceal his brother's corpse.

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The killer then said,

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"Woe to me!

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“Then Allah sent a raven scratching up the ground, to show him how to hide his brother's naked corpse. He said: Woe unto me! Am I not able to be as this raven and so hide my brother's naked corpse? And he became repentant.” (5:31)

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who covered the other dead crow,

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so that I may conceal my brother's corpse?"

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So he concealed him then and there,

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and he became one of the remorseful,

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regretting the act of disobedience to Allah he had committed

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by killing his brother.

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“For that cause We decreed for the Children of Israel that whosoever killeth a human being for other than manslaughter or corruption in the earth, it shall be as if he had killed all mankind, and whoso saveth the life of one, it shall be as if he had saved the life of all mankind. Our messengers came unto them of old with clear proofs (of Allah's Sovereignty), but afterwards lo! many of them became prodigals in the earth.” (5:32)

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“For that cause We decreed for the Children of Israel that whosoever killeth a human being for other than manslaughter or corruption in the earth, it shall be as if he had killed all mankind, and whoso saveth the life of one, it shall be as if he had saved the life of all mankind. Our messengers came unto them of old with clear proofs (of Allah's Sovereignty), but afterwards lo! many of them became prodigals in the earth.” (5:32)

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“For that cause We decreed for the Children of Israel that whosoever killeth a human being for other than manslaughter or corruption in the earth, it shall be as if he had killed all mankind, and whoso saveth the life of one, it shall be as if he had saved the life of all mankind. Our messengers came unto them of old with clear proofs (of Allah's Sovereignty), but afterwards lo! many of them became prodigals in the earth.” (5:32)

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“For that cause We decreed for the Children of Israel that whosoever killeth a human being for other than manslaughter or corruption in the earth, it shall be as if he had killed all mankind, and whoso saveth the life of one, it shall be as if he had saved the life of all mankind. Our messengers came unto them of old with clear proofs (of Allah's Sovereignty), but afterwards lo! many of them became prodigals in the earth.” (5:32)

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“For that cause We decreed for the Children of Israel that whosoever killeth a human being for other than manslaughter or corruption in the earth, it shall be as if he had killed all mankind, and whoso saveth the life of one, it shall be as if he had saved the life of all mankind. Our messengers came unto them of old with clear proofs (of Allah's Sovereignty), but afterwards lo! many of them became prodigals in the earth.” (5:32)

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“For that cause We decreed for the Children of Israel that whosoever killeth a human being for other than manslaughter or corruption in the earth, it shall be as if he had killed all mankind, and whoso saveth the life of one, it shall be as if he had saved the life of all mankind. Our messengers came unto them of old with clear proofs (of Allah's Sovereignty), but afterwards lo! many of them became prodigals in the earth.” (5:32)

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and whoever saves a life,

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it is as if he had saved all of humanity.

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“For that cause We decreed for the Children of Israel that whosoever killeth a human being for other than manslaughter or corruption in the earth, it shall be as if he had killed all mankind, and whoso saveth the life of one, it shall be as if he had saved the life of all mankind. Our messengers came unto them of old with clear proofs (of Allah's Sovereignty), but afterwards lo! many of them became prodigals in the earth.” (5:32)

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“For that cause We decreed for the Children of Israel that whosoever killeth a human being for other than manslaughter or corruption in the earth, it shall be as if he had killed all mankind, and whoso saveth the life of one, it shall be as if he had saved the life of all mankind. Our messengers came unto them of old with clear proofs (of Allah's Sovereignty), but afterwards lo! many of them became prodigals in the earth.” (5:32)

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“For that cause We decreed for the Children of Israel that whosoever killeth a human being for other than manslaughter or corruption in the earth, it shall be as if he had killed all mankind, and whoso saveth the life of one, it shall be as if he had saved the life of all mankind. Our messengers came unto them of old with clear proofs (of Allah's Sovereignty), but afterwards lo! many of them became prodigals in the earth.” (5:32)

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“For that cause We decreed for the Children of Israel that whosoever killeth a human being for other than manslaughter or corruption in the earth, it shall be as if he had killed all mankind, and whoso saveth the life of one, it shall be as if he had saved the life of all mankind. Our messengers came unto them of old with clear proofs (of Allah's Sovereignty), but afterwards lo! many of them became prodigals in the earth.” (5:32)

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On account of the crime committed by Adam's son,

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who unjustly killed his brother,

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We decreed upon the Children of Israel

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that whoever kills a soul among them—not in retaliation for a slain soul,

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or for corruption committed in the land—

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where corruption in the land consists of waging war against Allah and His Messenger,

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and highway robbery—

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“For that cause We decreed for the Children of Israel that whosoever killeth a human being for other than manslaughter or corruption in the earth, it shall be as if he had killed all mankind, and whoso saveth the life of one, it shall be as if he had saved the life of all mankind. Our messengers came unto them of old with clear proofs (of Allah's Sovereignty), but afterwards lo! many of them became prodigals in the earth.” (5:32)

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regarding the severe punishment he has merited,

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"and whoever saves a life"—

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by declaring sacred the killing of what Allah has forbidden,

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“For that cause We decreed for the Children of Israel that whosoever killeth a human being for other than manslaughter or corruption in the earth, it shall be as if he had killed all mankind, and whoso saveth the life of one, it shall be as if he had saved the life of all mankind. Our messengers came unto them of old with clear proofs (of Allah's Sovereignty), but afterwards lo! many of them became prodigals in the earth.” (5:32)

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thereby granting them safety from him—

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And Our messengers came to the Children of Israel

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with clear proofs and manifest arguments

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verifying the truth of that with which they were sent.

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Yet indeed, many of the Children of Israel,

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even after Allah's messengers came to them with clear proofs in the land,

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commit acts of disobedience against Allah,

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defy Allah's commands and prohibitions,

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and oppose Allah and His messengers,

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“The only reward of those who make war upon Allah and His messenger and strive after corruption in the land will be that they will be killed or crucified, or have their hands and feet on alternate sides cut off, or will be expelled out of the land. Such will be their degradation in the world, and in the Hereafter theirs will be an awful doom;” (5:33)

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striving to spread corruption throughout the land.

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“The only reward of those who make war upon Allah and His messenger and strive after corruption in the land will be that they will be killed or crucified, or have their hands and feet on alternate sides cut off, or will be expelled out of the land. Such will be their degradation in the world, and in the Hereafter theirs will be an awful doom;” (5:33)

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or their hands and feet

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be cut off on alternate sides,

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“The only reward of those who make war upon Allah and His messenger and strive after corruption in the land will be that they will be killed or crucified, or have their hands and feet on alternate sides cut off, or will be expelled out of the land. Such will be their degradation in the world, and in the Hereafter theirs will be an awful doom;” (5:33)

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“The only reward of those who make war upon Allah and His messenger and strive after corruption in the land will be that they will be killed or crucified, or have their hands and feet on alternate sides cut off, or will be expelled out of the land. Such will be their degradation in the world, and in the Hereafter theirs will be an awful doom;” (5:33)

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and for them in the Hereafter is a tremendous punishment.

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“The only reward of those who make war upon Allah and His messenger and strive after corruption in the land will be that they will be killed or crucified, or have their hands and feet on alternate sides cut off, or will be expelled out of the land. Such will be their degradation in the world, and in the Hereafter theirs will be an awful doom;” (5:33)

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among those who wage war against the thoroughfares of the Muslims and their protected non-Muslim subjects,

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and those who launch banditry raids against their cities and villages,

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striving throughout Allah's land through acts of disobedience—

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such as terrorizing the pathways of His believing servants,

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or the pathways of their protected non-Muslim subjects, blocking roads,

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taking their wealth through injustice and transgression,

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and assaulting their sanctity with wickedness and immorality.

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None of these perpetrators shall escape deserving punishment

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through one of these four penalties mentioned by Allah.

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In this world, there is no punishment for them except execution or crucifixion, according to what they deserve,

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varying according to their deeds.

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As for the highway robber among them,

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if he is apprehended before repenting and before taking wealth,

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the penalty is banishment from the land.

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If he is apprehended after taking wealth and taking a life,

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the penalty is crucifixion and the cutting off of the hand and foot on alternate sides—

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by cutting off their right hands and left feet—

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along with banishment from the land,

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by exiling him from his town to another town,

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where he is imprisoned in the town to which he was banished

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until his repentance becomes manifest.

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For these brigands, there is disgrace, shame, and ignominy in this present world,

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and for these brigands in the Hereafter—

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if they do not repent—is a tremendous punishment in Hellfire.

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“Save those who repent before ye overpower them. For know that Allah is Forgiving, Merciful.” (5:34)

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“Save those who repent before ye overpower them. For know that Allah is Forgiving, Merciful.” (5:34)

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Thus, the repentance of a brigand who defends himself independently or with a group, prior to being apprehended,

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waives from him worldly liabilities regarding the prescribed legal penalties (*hudud*) of Allah,

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mandatory damages, blood revenge, and legal retaliation,

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except for specific assets belonging to Muslims or protected non-Muslims still in his physical possession,

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which must be returned to their rightful owners.

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Know, O believers, that Allah does not hold accountable whoever repents among those who waged war against Allah and His Messenger;

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rather, He pardons him and conceals his sins,

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showing mercy to him in His pardon

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and in withholding His punishment for them.

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O you who have believed, be mindful of Allah,

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seek the means of nearness to Him,

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and strive in His cause,

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so that you may succeed.

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“As for those who disbelieve, lo! if all that is in the earth were theirs, and as much again therewith, to ransom them from the doom on the Day of Resurrection, it would not be accepted from them. Theirs will be a painful doom.” (5:36)

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“As for those who disbelieve, lo! if all that is in the earth were theirs, and as much again therewith, to ransom them from the doom on the Day of Resurrection, it would not be accepted from them. Theirs will be a painful doom.” (5:36)

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and for them is a painful punishment.

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O you who have believed in Allah and His Messenger,

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respond to Allah in what He has commanded you and forbidden you,

151
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and seek closeness to Him by performing actions that please Him.

152
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And strive, O believers, against His enemies and your enemies in defense of His religion and Law,

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and exert yourselves in fighting them to compel them to enter the upright Islamic faith,

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so that you may prosper and attain eternal life and immortality in His Gardens.

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Indeed, those who disbelieve in the Lordship of their Lord and worship others alongside Him—

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even if they possessed all that is on the earth and the like of it therewith,

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to ransom themselves thereby from the punishment of Allah on the Day of Resurrection,

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and offered all of it as ransom,

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Allah would not accept it from them as ransom or compensation to spare them from His punishment and retribution;

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rather, He will punish them in scalding water on the Day of Resurrection with a painful torment.

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“They will wish to come forth from the Fire, but they will not come forth from it. Theirs will be a lasting doom.” (5:37)

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and for them is an everlasting punishment.

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These disbelievers will desire to emerge from the Fire after entering it,

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“They will wish to come forth from the Fire, but they will not come forth from it. Theirs will be a lasting doom.” (5:37)

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but for them is a permanent, abiding punishment that will never depart from them or be removed.

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As for the male thief and the female thief, cut off their hands as a recompense for what they committed—a deterrent punishment from Allah.

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And Allah is Almighty, All-Wise.

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And whoever steals, whether a man or a woman, cut off their right hands

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as retribution for their theft, as a punishment from Allah.

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And Allah is Almighty in His retribution against this male thief and female thief,

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as well as all other sinners,

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All-Wise in His judgment concerning them and His decree upon them.

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“But whoso repenteth after his wrongdoing and amendeth, lo! Allah will relent toward him. Lo! Allah is Forgiving, Merciful.” (5:39)

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Indeed, Allah is All-Forgiving, Most Merciful.

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So whoever among these thieves repents,

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turns away from the disobedience that displeases Allah

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after his transgression and doing what Allah forbade him regarding stealing people's wealth,

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and reforms himself,

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then Allah, Mighty and Majestic, will return him to that which He loves and is pleased with.

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Indeed, Allah conceals the sins of whoever repents and turns to Him by pardoning his punishment,

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being Merciful to him and to His servants who repent to Him from their sins.

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Do you not know that to Allah belongs the dominion of the heavens and the earth?

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“Knowest thou not that unto Allah belongeth the Sovereignty of the heavens and the earth? He punisheth whom He will, and forgiveth whom He will. Allah is Able to do all things.” (5:40)

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And Allah is Most Capable over all things.

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Do these claimants who pretend to be Allah's children and His beloved ones not know

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that Allah is the Sovereign Controller of whatever is in the heavens and whatever is on the earth,

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its Disposer and Creator?

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He punishes whom He wills of His creation in this world for his disobedience,

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and He forgives whom He wills among them in this world

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by accepting his repentance from his disbelief and disobedience.

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And Allah is fully Capable of punishing whom He wills to punish,

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forgiving what He wills to forgive, and all other matters,

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for creation is His creation,

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dominion is His dominion,

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and servants are His servants.