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In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful.

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A summary of the book:

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Ramadan:

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Events and Lessons.

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The Martyrdom of the Commander of the Faithful,

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‘Ali ibn Abi Talib, may Allah be pleased with him.

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The Time:

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The night of the seventeenth of Ramadan,

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In the year forty after the Hijrah.

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When the inner depths of the soul become wretched,

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Their actions become wretched as well.

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They show no regard for sacred times or sanctity,

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They recognize no rights for those who possess them,

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Nor do they hold anything sacred in reverence.

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To them, all times are the same,

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And all places are indistinguishable.

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There is no difference, in their view, between the sacred months and any other,

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Nor between Ramadan and Sha‘ban,

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Nor between the Sacred City and any other land,

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Nor between the souls of the believers and the souls of the disbelievers.

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A person’s wretchedness due to a base desire

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Is lighter than their wretchedness due to a corrupt doubt

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That takes hold of their heart,

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And subsequently dictates the actions of their limbs and their perceptions.

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‘Abd al-Rahman ibn Muljam al-Muradi:

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A figure known in Islamic history for his wretchedness,

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Due to his adoption of the deviant Kharijite ideology,

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Which drove him to assassinate the Commander of the Faithful,

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‘Ali ibn Abi Talib, may Allah be pleased with him,

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In the blessed month of Ramadan.

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On the authority of Zayd ibn Aslam,

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That Abu Sinan al-Du’ali

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Narrated to him that he visited ‘Ali, may Allah be pleased with him,

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During an illness he was suffering from.

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He said: I said to him,

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"We have become fearful for you, O Commander of the Faithful,

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Regarding this illness of yours."

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He replied,

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"But by Allah, I do not fear for myself because of it,

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For I heard the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him,

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The truthful and the believed, say:

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'You will be struck a blow here,

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And a blow here,'

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And he pointed to his temples,

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'Its blood will flow until it dyes your beard,

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And the one who does it will be the most wretched of them,'

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Just as the one who hamstrung the she-camel was the most wretched of Thamud."

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On the authority of ‘Abd Allah ibn Sabi‘, he said:

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I heard ‘Ali, may Allah be pleased with him, say:

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"This will be dyed by this,"

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"So what is the most wretched person waiting for?"

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The Commander of the Faithful, Abu al-Hasan, may Allah be pleased with him,

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Was a collection of noble qualities,

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And a man of great distinction.

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And how could he be otherwise,

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When the house of Prophethood was his upbringing,

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And at the hands of the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him,

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He grew up.

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He did not reach maturity except under the shade of Islam,

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And his youth did not flourish

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Except in the cradle of purity and refinement.

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Therefore, faith and its deeds,

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And his deeds, were his garment and his cloak,

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And the judge over his outward and inward actions.

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If you ask about piety and asceticism,

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He was a beacon among its most prominent figures.

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If you ask about the love of the Hereafter and the hatred of this world,

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He was a towering example of it.

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If you ask about his strength, heroism, and courage,

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He held the highest rank in that.

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If you ask about his knowledge and his understanding of jurisprudence,

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He was an ocean without a shore.

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If you ask about his generosity, patience, nobility, character,

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And all other virtuous traits,

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You will find him among those of the highest rank in all of them,

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May Allah be pleased with him and grant him satisfaction.

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His name and lineage, may Allah be pleased with him:

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He is ‘Ali ibn Abi Talib ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib

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Ibn Hashim ibn ‘Abd Manaf al-Qurashi al-Hashimi,

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Abu al-Hasan,

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The cousin of the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him,

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And the husband of his daughter, Fatimah al-Zahra’,

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And the father of the two grandsons,

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Al-Hasan and al-Husayn, may Allah be pleased with them.

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It is said that his name before ‘Ali was Haydarah,

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From which comes his statement at Khaybar:

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"I am the one whom my mother named Haydarah."

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‘Ali’s mother was Fatimah bint Asad;

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She named him Asad (Lion) when he was born, after her father.

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Abu Talib was away at the time,

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But when he returned, he named him ‘Ali.

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Haydarah is one of the names for a lion,

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And he was named that because of the thickness of his neck.

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His birth, may Allah be pleased with him:

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He was born ten years before the Prophetic mission, according to the most correct view,

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So he was raised in the care of the Prophet, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him,

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And never parted from him.

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His physical characteristics:

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Ibn ‘Abd al-Barr said:

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"The best description I have seen of ‘Ali, may Allah be pleased with him, is:

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He was of medium height, tending toward shortness,

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With deep black eyes,

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A handsome face,

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As if he were the moon on a full-moon night in beauty,

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With a large belly,

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Broad shoulders,

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Thick palms,

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Sturdy and supple,

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As if his neck were a silver pitcher,

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Bald, with no hair on his head except at the back,

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A large beard,

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With joints on his shoulders like the joints of a fierce beast,

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His upper arm could not be distinguished from his forearm,

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As they were seamlessly joined,

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When he walked, he leaned forward,

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And if he grasped a man’s arm, he would hold him so firmly

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That he could not breathe,

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And he tended toward stoutness,

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With powerful forearms and hands,

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And when he walked to battle, he would trot,

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Firm of heart,

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Strong and courageous,

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Victorious over whoever he met."

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His Islam and Hijrah, may Allah be pleased with him:

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‘Ali, may Allah be pleased with him, was the first of the people on earth to embrace Islam after Khadijah, may Allah be pleased with her,

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Thus he was the third of three in Islam.

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He embraced Islam when he was ten years old,

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And it is said thirteen years old.

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When the permission for the Hijrah came to the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him,

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He kept ‘Ali, may Allah be pleased with him, in his place for two reasons:

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To sleep in his bed,

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To deceive the polytheists into thinking the Messenger of Allah was still in the house,

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And to return the trusts of the people that were with the Prophet, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him.

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Ibn ‘Abd al-Barr said,

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While speaking about ‘Ali:

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"People continued to migrate,

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And he was the last of the people to arrive in Madinah,

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And he was not tempted away from his religion,

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Because the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, kept him back in Makkah,

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And ordered him to sleep in his bed,

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And gave him a delay of three days,

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And ordered him to return every right to its owner,

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Which he did,

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Then he joined the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him."

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His knowledge, may Allah be pleased with him:

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‘Ali, may Allah be pleased with him, possessed a great deal of knowledge, understanding,

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Insight, and sagacity.

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In addition to what Allah the Almighty granted him of an innate aptitude for knowledge,

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He was extremely keen to listen to the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him,

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And to ask him questions,

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Therefore, he was known among the Companions for his knowledge, legal rulings, and judicial decisions.

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‘Umar, may Allah be pleased with him, said:

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"‘Ali is our best judge."

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His virtues, may Allah be pleased with him:

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The Commander of the Faithful, ‘Ali, may Allah be pleased with him, has many virtues,

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And abundant merits.

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As for his general virtues,

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They are what have been reported regarding the merit of the Companions as a whole,

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And regarding the Muhajirun, the people of Badr,

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The people of the Pledge of Ridwan,

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And those who embraced Islam before the Conquest.

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As for his specific virtues,

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Among them are:

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First:

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His resemblance to the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, in racing toward good deeds,

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And the greatness of the Messenger of Allah’s love for him.

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On the authority of al-Bara’, may Allah be pleased with him, he said:

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The Prophet, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, said to ‘Ali:

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"You are from me and I am from you,"

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Meaning in lineage, kinship, racing toward good, and love,

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And other such merits.

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It did not mean mere kinship,

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Otherwise, Ja‘far would be his partner in that.

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Second:

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The pleasure of the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, with him.

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‘Umar said about ‘Ali, may Allah be pleased with them both:

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"The Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, passed away while he was pleased with him."

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Third:

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The greatness of his love for Allah and His Messenger, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him,

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And the love of Allah and His Messenger for him.

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On the authority of Sahl ibn Sa‘d, may Allah be pleased with him:

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That the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, said on the day of Khaybar:

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"I will certainly give this banner tomorrow to a man through whose hands Allah will grant victory; he loves Allah and His Messenger, and Allah and His Messenger love him."

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He said: The people spent the night wondering who would be given it, and when morning came, they went to the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, all hoping to be given it.

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He said: "Where is ‘Ali ibn Abi Talib?" It was said: "He is suffering from his eyes, O Messenger of Allah." He said: "Send for him." So he was brought.

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The Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, spat into his eyes and prayed for him, and he was healed as if he had no pain, then he gave him the banner.

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‘Ali said: "O Messenger of Allah, shall I fight them until they become like us?" He said: "Proceed steadily until you descend upon their territory, then invite them to Islam and inform them of what is incumbent upon them regarding the right of Allah therein."

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"For by Allah, that Allah guides one man through you is better for you than having red camels."

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Fourth: His distinction by the greatness of his love and closeness to the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him.

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On the authority of Sa‘d ibn Abi Waqqas, may Allah be pleased with him, he said:

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The Prophet, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, said to ‘Ali: "Are you not pleased to be to me as Harun was to Musa?"

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Fifth: Loving him is part of faith, and hating him is part of hypocrisy.

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On the authority of ‘Adi ibn Thabit, from Zirr, he said:

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‘Ali, may Allah be pleased with him, said: "By Him who split the seed and created the soul,"

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"It is a covenant from the unlettered Prophet, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, to me,"

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"That none shall love me except a believer, and none shall hate me except a hypocrite."

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Sixth: His being a master (mawla) is from the mastership of the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him.

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On the authority of Zayd ibn Arqam, may Allah be pleased with him, from the Prophet, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, he said:

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"Whoever I am his master (mawla), then Ali is his master," where 'mastery' here signifies love and support.

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Al-Shafi'i said that this refers to the bond of Islam.

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This is in accordance with the words of Allah, the Almighty and Majestic:

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“That is because Allah is patron of those who believe, and because the disbelievers have no patron.” (47:11)

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Al-Qurtubi said: meaning his guardian and supporter.

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Thus, the 'mawla' here is the supporter.

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This was stated by Ibn Abbas and others.

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Regarding his caliphate, may Allah be pleased with him:

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The Commander of the Faithful, Ali, may Allah be pleased with him, was appointed as caliph.

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He received the pledge of allegiance in Medina, in the mosque of the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him.

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This occurred after the assassination of Uthman, may Allah be pleased with him.

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It took place in Dhu al-Hijjah in the year thirty-five after the Hijrah.

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His caliphate lasted for five years, less three months.

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It is also said it lasted four years, nine months, and six days.

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And some say three days [in addition to that].

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Regarding his martyrdom, may Allah be pleased with him:

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Ali, may Allah be pleased with him, was killed on the night of the seventeenth of Ramadan.

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In the year forty after the Hijrah.

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He was killed at the hands of the wretched Abd al-Rahman Ibn Muljam.

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He passed away at the age of sixty-three.

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It is authentically reported from al-Hasan Ibn Ali through various chains that he said:

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"My father did not leave behind more than eight hundred or seven hundred dirhams."

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"These remained from his stipend, which he had been saving to purchase a servant for his family."