WEBVTT 00:00:00.000 --> 00:00:05.469 In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful. 00:00:05.469 --> 00:00:07.469 A summary of the book: 00:00:07.469 --> 00:00:09.470 Ramadan: 00:00:09.470 --> 00:00:11.470 Events and Lessons. 00:00:11.470 --> 00:00:15.939 The Martyrdom of the Commander of the Faithful, 00:00:15.939 --> 00:00:21.100 ‘Ali ibn Abi Talib, may Allah be pleased with him. 00:00:21.100 --> 00:00:22.100 The Time: 00:00:22.100 --> 00:00:25.100 The night of the seventeenth of Ramadan, 00:00:25.100 --> 00:00:28.100 In the year forty after the Hijrah. 00:00:28.100 --> 00:00:33.689 When the inner depths of the soul become wretched, 00:00:33.689 --> 00:00:35.689 Their actions become wretched as well. 00:00:35.689 --> 00:00:38.719 They show no regard for sacred times or sanctity, 00:00:38.719 --> 00:00:41.719 They recognize no rights for those who possess them, 00:00:41.719 --> 00:00:43.719 Nor do they hold anything sacred in reverence. 00:00:43.719 --> 00:00:46.820 To them, all times are the same, 00:00:46.820 --> 00:00:49.820 And all places are indistinguishable. 00:00:49.820 --> 00:00:54.820 There is no difference, in their view, between the sacred months and any other, 00:00:54.820 --> 00:00:57.820 Nor between Ramadan and Sha‘ban, 00:00:57.820 --> 00:01:02.820 Nor between the Sacred City and any other land, 00:01:02.820 --> 00:01:07.819 Nor between the souls of the believers and the souls of the disbelievers. 00:01:07.819 --> 00:01:12.230 A person’s wretchedness due to a base desire 00:01:12.230 --> 00:01:16.230 Is lighter than their wretchedness due to a corrupt doubt 00:01:16.230 --> 00:01:19.230 That takes hold of their heart, 00:01:19.230 --> 00:01:24.230 And subsequently dictates the actions of their limbs and their perceptions. 00:01:24.230 --> 00:01:27.680 ‘Abd al-Rahman ibn Muljam al-Muradi: 00:01:27.680 --> 00:01:32.680 A figure known in Islamic history for his wretchedness, 00:01:32.680 --> 00:01:36.680 Due to his adoption of the deviant Kharijite ideology, 00:01:36.680 --> 00:01:39.680 Which drove him to assassinate the Commander of the Faithful, 00:01:39.680 --> 00:01:42.680 ‘Ali ibn Abi Talib, may Allah be pleased with him, 00:01:42.680 --> 00:01:45.680 In the blessed month of Ramadan. 00:01:45.680 --> 00:01:48.030 On the authority of Zayd ibn Aslam, 00:01:48.030 --> 00:01:50.030 That Abu Sinan al-Du’ali 00:01:50.030 --> 00:01:54.030 Narrated to him that he visited ‘Ali, may Allah be pleased with him, 00:01:54.030 --> 00:01:57.030 During an illness he was suffering from. 00:01:57.030 --> 00:02:00.030 He said: I said to him, 00:02:00.030 --> 00:02:04.030 "We have become fearful for you, O Commander of the Faithful, 00:02:04.030 --> 00:02:06.060 Regarding this illness of yours." 00:02:06.060 --> 00:02:08.060 He replied, 00:02:08.060 --> 00:02:12.099 "But by Allah, I do not fear for myself because of it, 00:02:12.099 --> 00:02:16.099 For I heard the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, 00:02:16.099 --> 00:02:19.189 The truthful and the believed, say: 00:02:19.189 --> 00:02:22.189 'You will be struck a blow here, 00:02:22.189 --> 00:02:24.189 And a blow here,' 00:02:24.189 --> 00:02:27.189 And he pointed to his temples, 00:02:27.189 --> 00:02:31.189 'Its blood will flow until it dyes your beard, 00:02:31.189 --> 00:02:34.189 And the one who does it will be the most wretched of them,' 00:02:34.189 --> 00:02:38.189 Just as the one who hamstrung the she-camel was the most wretched of Thamud." 00:02:38.189 --> 00:02:41.419 On the authority of ‘Abd Allah ibn Sabi‘, he said: 00:02:41.419 --> 00:02:45.419 I heard ‘Ali, may Allah be pleased with him, say: 00:02:45.419 --> 00:02:48.419 "This will be dyed by this," 00:02:48.419 --> 00:02:51.419 "So what is the most wretched person waiting for?" 00:02:51.419 --> 00:02:55.900 The Commander of the Faithful, Abu al-Hasan, may Allah be pleased with him, 00:02:55.900 --> 00:02:58.900 Was a collection of noble qualities, 00:02:58.900 --> 00:03:00.900 And a man of great distinction. 00:03:00.900 --> 00:03:02.900 And how could he be otherwise, 00:03:02.900 --> 00:03:05.900 When the house of Prophethood was his upbringing, 00:03:05.900 --> 00:03:09.900 And at the hands of the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, 00:03:09.900 --> 00:03:11.900 He grew up. 00:03:11.900 --> 00:03:14.900 He did not reach maturity except under the shade of Islam, 00:03:14.900 --> 00:03:16.900 And his youth did not flourish 00:03:16.900 --> 00:03:19.900 Except in the cradle of purity and refinement. 00:03:19.900 --> 00:03:23.020 Therefore, faith and its deeds, 00:03:23.020 --> 00:03:26.020 And his deeds, were his garment and his cloak, 00:03:26.020 --> 00:03:30.020 And the judge over his outward and inward actions. 00:03:30.020 --> 00:03:33.310 If you ask about piety and asceticism, 00:03:33.310 --> 00:03:37.310 He was a beacon among its most prominent figures. 00:03:37.310 --> 00:03:41.310 If you ask about the love of the Hereafter and the hatred of this world, 00:03:41.310 --> 00:03:46.409 He was a towering example of it. 00:03:46.409 --> 00:03:50.409 If you ask about his strength, heroism, and courage, 00:03:50.409 --> 00:03:54.409 He held the highest rank in that. 00:03:54.409 --> 00:03:58.539 If you ask about his knowledge and his understanding of jurisprudence, 00:03:58.539 --> 00:04:02.539 He was an ocean without a shore. 00:04:02.539 --> 00:04:07.659 If you ask about his generosity, patience, nobility, character, 00:04:07.659 --> 00:04:09.659 And all other virtuous traits, 00:04:09.659 --> 00:04:14.659 You will find him among those of the highest rank in all of them, 00:04:14.659 --> 00:04:17.660 May Allah be pleased with him and grant him satisfaction. 00:04:17.660 --> 00:04:21.399 His name and lineage, may Allah be pleased with him: 00:04:21.399 --> 00:04:25.620 He is ‘Ali ibn Abi Talib ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib 00:04:25.620 --> 00:04:29.620 Ibn Hashim ibn ‘Abd Manaf al-Qurashi al-Hashimi, 00:04:29.620 --> 00:04:31.620 Abu al-Hasan, 00:04:31.620 --> 00:04:35.660 The cousin of the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, 00:04:35.660 --> 00:04:38.660 And the husband of his daughter, Fatimah al-Zahra’, 00:04:38.660 --> 00:04:40.660 And the father of the two grandsons, 00:04:40.660 --> 00:04:44.720 Al-Hasan and al-Husayn, may Allah be pleased with them. 00:04:44.720 --> 00:04:49.720 It is said that his name before ‘Ali was Haydarah, 00:04:49.720 --> 00:04:52.720 From which comes his statement at Khaybar: 00:04:52.720 --> 00:04:55.720 "I am the one whom my mother named Haydarah." 00:04:55.720 --> 00:04:59.779 ‘Ali’s mother was Fatimah bint Asad; 00:04:59.779 --> 00:05:04.779 She named him Asad (Lion) when he was born, after her father. 00:05:04.779 --> 00:05:07.779 Abu Talib was away at the time, 00:05:07.779 --> 00:05:11.779 But when he returned, he named him ‘Ali. 00:05:11.779 --> 00:05:14.779 Haydarah is one of the names for a lion, 00:05:14.779 --> 00:05:19.810 And he was named that because of the thickness of his neck. 00:05:19.810 --> 00:05:23.100 His birth, may Allah be pleased with him: 00:05:23.100 --> 00:05:27.100 He was born ten years before the Prophetic mission, according to the most correct view, 00:05:27.100 --> 00:05:31.100 So he was raised in the care of the Prophet, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, 00:05:31.100 --> 00:05:34.060 And never parted from him. 00:05:34.060 --> 00:05:36.180 His physical characteristics: 00:05:36.180 --> 00:05:38.180 Ibn ‘Abd al-Barr said: 00:05:38.180 --> 00:05:42.180 "The best description I have seen of ‘Ali, may Allah be pleased with him, is: 00:05:42.180 --> 00:05:47.180 He was of medium height, tending toward shortness, 00:05:47.180 --> 00:05:49.180 With deep black eyes, 00:05:49.180 --> 00:05:50.180 A handsome face, 00:05:50.180 --> 00:05:54.180 As if he were the moon on a full-moon night in beauty, 00:05:54.180 --> 00:05:55.180 With a large belly, 00:05:55.180 --> 00:05:57.180 Broad shoulders, 00:05:57.180 --> 00:05:59.180 Thick palms, 00:05:59.180 --> 00:06:01.180 Sturdy and supple, 00:06:01.180 --> 00:06:04.180 As if his neck were a silver pitcher, 00:06:04.180 --> 00:06:09.180 Bald, with no hair on his head except at the back, 00:06:09.180 --> 00:06:11.180 A large beard, 00:06:11.180 --> 00:06:15.180 With joints on his shoulders like the joints of a fierce beast, 00:06:15.180 --> 00:06:19.180 His upper arm could not be distinguished from his forearm, 00:06:19.180 --> 00:06:21.180 As they were seamlessly joined, 00:06:21.180 --> 00:06:23.180 When he walked, he leaned forward, 00:06:23.180 --> 00:06:27.180 And if he grasped a man’s arm, he would hold him so firmly 00:06:27.180 --> 00:06:30.180 That he could not breathe, 00:06:30.180 --> 00:06:33.180 And he tended toward stoutness, 00:06:33.180 --> 00:06:35.180 With powerful forearms and hands, 00:06:35.180 --> 00:06:38.180 And when he walked to battle, he would trot, 00:06:38.180 --> 00:06:40.180 Firm of heart, 00:06:40.180 --> 00:06:42.180 Strong and courageous, 00:06:42.180 --> 00:06:45.180 Victorious over whoever he met." 00:06:45.180 --> 00:06:50.720 His Islam and Hijrah, may Allah be pleased with him: 00:06:50.720 --> 00:06:57.720 ‘Ali, may Allah be pleased with him, was the first of the people on earth to embrace Islam after Khadijah, may Allah be pleased with her, 00:06:57.720 --> 00:07:02.819 Thus he was the third of three in Islam. 00:07:02.819 --> 00:07:05.819 He embraced Islam when he was ten years old, 00:07:05.819 --> 00:07:08.819 And it is said thirteen years old. 00:07:09.100 --> 00:07:14.100 When the permission for the Hijrah came to the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, 00:07:14.100 --> 00:07:19.100 He kept ‘Ali, may Allah be pleased with him, in his place for two reasons: 00:07:19.100 --> 00:07:21.259 To sleep in his bed, 00:07:21.259 --> 00:07:26.259 To deceive the polytheists into thinking the Messenger of Allah was still in the house, 00:07:26.259 --> 00:07:32.259 And to return the trusts of the people that were with the Prophet, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him. 00:07:32.259 --> 00:07:34.389 Ibn ‘Abd al-Barr said, 00:07:34.389 --> 00:07:36.389 While speaking about ‘Ali: 00:07:36.389 --> 00:07:39.389 "People continued to migrate, 00:07:39.389 --> 00:07:43.389 And he was the last of the people to arrive in Madinah, 00:07:43.389 --> 00:07:45.389 And he was not tempted away from his religion, 00:07:45.389 --> 00:07:51.420 Because the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, kept him back in Makkah, 00:07:51.420 --> 00:07:54.420 And ordered him to sleep in his bed, 00:07:54.420 --> 00:07:56.420 And gave him a delay of three days, 00:07:56.420 --> 00:08:01.420 And ordered him to return every right to its owner, 00:08:01.420 --> 00:08:02.420 Which he did, 00:08:02.420 --> 00:08:07.420 Then he joined the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him." 00:08:07.420 --> 00:08:10.939 His knowledge, may Allah be pleased with him: 00:08:10.939 --> 00:08:17.189 ‘Ali, may Allah be pleased with him, possessed a great deal of knowledge, understanding, 00:08:17.189 --> 00:08:19.189 Insight, and sagacity. 00:08:19.189 --> 00:08:25.259 In addition to what Allah the Almighty granted him of an innate aptitude for knowledge, 00:08:25.259 --> 00:08:31.259 He was extremely keen to listen to the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, 00:08:31.259 --> 00:08:33.259 And to ask him questions, 00:08:33.259 --> 00:08:38.259 Therefore, he was known among the Companions for his knowledge, legal rulings, and judicial decisions. 00:08:38.259 --> 00:08:41.450 ‘Umar, may Allah be pleased with him, said: 00:08:41.450 --> 00:08:43.450 "‘Ali is our best judge." 00:08:43.450 --> 00:08:47.440 His virtues, may Allah be pleased with him: 00:08:47.440 --> 00:08:52.980 The Commander of the Faithful, ‘Ali, may Allah be pleased with him, has many virtues, 00:08:52.980 --> 00:08:54.980 And abundant merits. 00:08:54.980 --> 00:08:58.080 As for his general virtues, 00:08:58.080 --> 00:09:01.080 They are what have been reported regarding the merit of the Companions as a whole, 00:09:01.080 --> 00:09:04.080 And regarding the Muhajirun, the people of Badr, 00:09:04.080 --> 00:09:06.080 The people of the Pledge of Ridwan, 00:09:06.080 --> 00:09:09.080 And those who embraced Islam before the Conquest. 00:09:09.080 --> 00:09:12.139 As for his specific virtues, 00:09:12.139 --> 00:09:14.139 Among them are: 00:09:14.139 --> 00:09:15.139 First: 00:09:15.139 --> 00:09:21.139 His resemblance to the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, in racing toward good deeds, 00:09:21.139 --> 00:09:26.210 And the greatness of the Messenger of Allah’s love for him. 00:09:26.210 --> 00:09:29.210 On the authority of al-Bara’, may Allah be pleased with him, he said: 00:09:29.210 --> 00:09:33.210 The Prophet, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, said to ‘Ali: 00:09:33.210 --> 00:09:36.210 "You are from me and I am from you," 00:09:36.210 --> 00:09:40.210 Meaning in lineage, kinship, racing toward good, and love, 00:09:40.210 --> 00:09:43.210 And other such merits. 00:09:43.210 --> 00:09:45.210 It did not mean mere kinship, 00:09:45.210 --> 00:09:49.399 Otherwise, Ja‘far would be his partner in that. 00:09:49.399 --> 00:09:50.399 Second: 00:09:50.399 --> 00:09:54.399 The pleasure of the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, with him. 00:09:54.399 --> 00:09:58.750 ‘Umar said about ‘Ali, may Allah be pleased with them both: 00:09:58.750 --> 00:10:03.750 "The Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, passed away while he was pleased with him." 00:10:03.750 --> 00:10:06.419 Third: 00:10:06.419 --> 00:10:11.419 The greatness of his love for Allah and His Messenger, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, 00:10:11.419 --> 00:10:16.419 And the love of Allah and His Messenger for him. 00:10:16.419 --> 00:10:19.580 On the authority of Sahl ibn Sa‘d, may Allah be pleased with him: 00:10:19.580 --> 00:10:24.580 That the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, said on the day of Khaybar: 00:10:24.580 --> 00:10:36.580 "I will certainly give this banner tomorrow to a man through whose hands Allah will grant victory; he loves Allah and His Messenger, and Allah and His Messenger love him." 00:10:36.580 --> 00:10:51.809 He said: The people spent the night wondering who would be given it, and when morning came, they went to the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, all hoping to be given it. 00:10:51.809 --> 00:11:04.809 He said: "Where is ‘Ali ibn Abi Talib?" It was said: "He is suffering from his eyes, O Messenger of Allah." He said: "Send for him." So he was brought. 00:11:04.809 --> 00:11:16.809 The Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, spat into his eyes and prayed for him, and he was healed as if he had no pain, then he gave him the banner. 00:11:16.809 --> 00:11:35.809 ‘Ali said: "O Messenger of Allah, shall I fight them until they become like us?" He said: "Proceed steadily until you descend upon their territory, then invite them to Islam and inform them of what is incumbent upon them regarding the right of Allah therein." 00:11:35.809 --> 00:11:44.870 "For by Allah, that Allah guides one man through you is better for you than having red camels." 00:11:44.870 --> 00:11:53.259 Fourth: His distinction by the greatness of his love and closeness to the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him. 00:11:53.259 --> 00:11:57.480 On the authority of Sa‘d ibn Abi Waqqas, may Allah be pleased with him, he said: 00:11:57.480 --> 00:12:07.480 The Prophet, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, said to ‘Ali: "Are you not pleased to be to me as Harun was to Musa?" 00:12:07.480 --> 00:12:13.610 Fifth: Loving him is part of faith, and hating him is part of hypocrisy. 00:12:13.610 --> 00:12:17.799 On the authority of ‘Adi ibn Thabit, from Zirr, he said: 00:12:17.799 --> 00:12:24.799 ‘Ali, may Allah be pleased with him, said: "By Him who split the seed and created the soul," 00:12:24.799 --> 00:12:30.799 "It is a covenant from the unlettered Prophet, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, to me," 00:12:30.799 --> 00:12:36.799 "That none shall love me except a believer, and none shall hate me except a hypocrite." 00:12:36.799 --> 00:12:44.149 Sixth: His being a master (mawla) is from the mastership of the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him. 00:12:44.149 --> 00:12:51.409 On the authority of Zayd ibn Arqam, may Allah be pleased with him, from the Prophet, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, he said: 00:12:51.409 --> 00:12:59.600 "Whoever I am his master (mawla), then Ali is his master," where 'mastery' here signifies love and support. 00:12:59.600 --> 00:13:04.860 Al-Shafi'i said that this refers to the bond of Islam. 00:13:04.860 --> 00:13:07.860 This is in accordance with the words of Allah, the Almighty and Majestic: 00:13:07.860 --> 00:13:15.860 “That is because Allah is patron of those who believe, and because the disbelievers have no patron.” (47:11) 00:13:15.860 --> 00:13:20.889 Al-Qurtubi said: meaning his guardian and supporter. 00:13:20.889 --> 00:13:23.889 Thus, the 'mawla' here is the supporter. 00:13:23.889 --> 00:13:26.889 This was stated by Ibn Abbas and others. 00:13:26.889 --> 00:13:30.909 Regarding his caliphate, may Allah be pleased with him: 00:13:30.909 --> 00:13:34.980 The Commander of the Faithful, Ali, may Allah be pleased with him, was appointed as caliph. 00:13:34.980 --> 00:13:40.980 He received the pledge of allegiance in Medina, in the mosque of the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him. 00:13:40.980 --> 00:13:43.980 This occurred after the assassination of Uthman, may Allah be pleased with him. 00:13:43.980 --> 00:13:48.980 It took place in Dhu al-Hijjah in the year thirty-five after the Hijrah. 00:13:48.980 --> 00:13:53.980 His caliphate lasted for five years, less three months. 00:13:54.980 --> 00:13:59.980 It is also said it lasted four years, nine months, and six days. 00:13:59.980 --> 00:14:02.980 And some say three days [in addition to that]. 00:14:02.980 --> 00:14:07.519 Regarding his martyrdom, may Allah be pleased with him: 00:14:07.519 --> 00:14:13.870 Ali, may Allah be pleased with him, was killed on the night of the seventeenth of Ramadan. 00:14:13.870 --> 00:14:16.870 In the year forty after the Hijrah. 00:14:16.870 --> 00:14:20.870 He was killed at the hands of the wretched Abd al-Rahman Ibn Muljam. 00:14:20.870 --> 00:14:24.970 He passed away at the age of sixty-three. 00:14:24.970 --> 00:14:29.970 It is authentically reported from al-Hasan Ibn Ali through various chains that he said: 00:14:29.970 --> 00:14:34.970 "My father did not leave behind more than eight hundred or seven hundred dirhams." 00:14:34.970 --> 00:14:44.139 "These remained from his stipend, which he had been saving to purchase a servant for his family."