WEBVTT

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In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful.

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Treasures of the Prophetic Biography (Seerah).

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The Battle of Mu'tah.

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In the eighth year of the Hijrah.

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It was the most formidable and daunting war the Muslims fought during the lifetime of the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him).

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It took place at the beginning of the eighth year of the Hijrah, in Jumada al-Ula,

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approximately eighty kilometers from Jerusalem.

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The cause of this battle:

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The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him)

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sent Al-Harith ibn 'Umayr with his letter to the ruler of Busra.

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On his way, Shurahbil ibn 'Amr al-Ghassani intercepted him;

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he was the governor of Al-Balqa' in the land of Sham on behalf of Caesar.

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So he seized him and bound him,

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then brought him forward and beheaded him.

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The established custom in diplomacy was that he was an emissary,

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and emissaries are never killed, no matter the circumstances.

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Thereupon, the Prophet (peace be upon him) dispatched against them

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an army numbering three thousand warriors.

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This was the largest Muslim army

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assembled up to that time, unsurpassed except at the Battle of the Trench (Al-Ahzab),

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which was close to this number.

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The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) appointed

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Zayd ibn Harithah as commander over this army,

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and he said:

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"If Zayd is killed, then Ja'far;

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and if Ja'far is killed, then 'Abdullah ibn Rawahah."

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He tied a white banner for them

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and handed it to Zayd ibn Harithah.

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It was called the Expedition of the Commanders,

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because he designated three commanders in succession for it.

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Then he (peace be upon him) exhorted them

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with his customary instructions to armies whenever they set out.

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On the authority of Buraydah (may Allah be pleased with him), he said:

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Whenever the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him)

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appointed a commander over an army or an expeditionary force,

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he would personally counsel him to be mindful of Allah,

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and to treat the Muslims with him well.

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Then he would say:

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"Fight in the name of Allah, in the cause of Allah!

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Fight those who disbelieve in Allah!

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Fight, but do not embezzle spoils, do not commit treachery,

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do not mutilate,

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and do not kill a newborn child.

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When you meet your enemy among the polytheists,

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invite them to three choices:

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whichever of them they accept,

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accept it from them and withhold yourselves from harming them."

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This demonstrates that the Prophet (peace be upon him)

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was not eager for fighting for its own sake,

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but rather resorted to it out of absolute necessity.

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He said:

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"First:

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Invite them to Islam.

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If they accept,

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accept it from them and withhold yourselves from harming them.

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Then invite them to migrate

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from their land to the abode of the Emigrants (Muhajirun),

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and inform them that if they do so,

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they shall enjoy the rights of the Emigrants

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and share the obligations of the Emigrants.

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But if they refuse to migrate from their land—

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meaning, to emigrate—

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inform them that they will be like the Bedouin Muslims:

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subject to the law of Allah that applies to the believers,

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but they will have no share in the spoils of war or *fay'*,

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because they refused to emigrate."

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He said:

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"They shall have no share in spoils

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unless they fight alongside the Muslims.

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Second:

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If they refuse Islam,

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ask them to pay the *jizyah*.

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If they accept,

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accept it from them and withhold yourselves from harming them.

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Third:

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If they refuse,

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seek Allah's help and fight them.

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And if you besiege the people of a fortress

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and they demand that you grant them

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the protection of Allah and the protection of His Prophet,

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do not grant them the protection of Allah or the protection of His Prophet;

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rather, grant them your own protection and the protection of your companions.

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For it is less grave for you to violate your protection and that of your companions

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than to violate the protection of Allah and the protection of His Messenger.

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And if you besiege the people of a fortress

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and they demand that you make them surrender according to the judgment of Allah,

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do not make them surrender according to the judgment of Allah,

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but make them surrender according to your own judgment;

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for you do not know whether you will hit upon Allah's judgment concerning them or not."

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There is no contradiction whatsoever between this and the word of Allah, the Blessed and Exalted.

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“There is no compulsion in religion. The right direction is henceforth distinct from error. And he who rejecteth false deities and believeth in Allah hath grasped a firm handhold which will never break. Allah is Hearer, Knower.” (2:256)

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For we do not fight people to force them into entering Islam;

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rather, we fight if they refuse Islam and refuse to pay the *jizyah*.

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Fighting is a means, not an end in itself.

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But why do we require the *jizyah*?

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We must understand that the earth belongs to Allah.

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Since that is the case,

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Allah created human beings upon this earth solely to worship Him.

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Allah Almighty says:

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“I created the jinn and humankind only that they might worship Me.” (51:56)

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Yet many people refused to worship Allah,

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while continuing to dwell upon His earth.

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So Allah sent servants of His

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and commanded them to invite those people to Islam.

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If they refused, then the *jizyah*;

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and if they refused that, He commanded them to fight those people—

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those who dwelt upon His earth

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yet refused to enter His religion and worship Him, Glorified and Exalted be He,

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and refused to pay the *jizyah*.

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Thereupon, the Muslim army prepared to depart.

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The Prophet (peace be upon him) gave them his final instructions

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and bade them farewell.

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One of the commanders of the army wept—

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namely, 'Abdullah ibn Rawahah (may Allah be pleased with him).

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They asked, "What makes you weep?"

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He said:

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"By Allah, I have no love for this world nor any longing for you,

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but I heard the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him)

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reciting a verse from the Book of Allah mentioning the Fire:

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Allah Almighty says:

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“There is not one of you but shall approach it. That is a fixed ordinance of thy Lord.” (19:71)

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'This is an inevitable decree upon your Lord.'

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How then can I be sure of returning after passing over it?"

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The Prophet (peace be upon him) bade them farewell,

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as did his Companions who remained with him in Medina.

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On that occasion, 'Abdullah ibn Rawahah recited:

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"Rather, I ask the Most Merciful for forgiveness,

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and a piercing strike that spews forth foam,

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or a thrust by the hand of a furious attacker, delivered

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with a spear that passes through the bowels and liver—

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so that it may be said when they pass by my grave:

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'May Allah guide a warrior who was indeed rightly guided.'"

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The army set out

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until it reached an area called Ma'an in the land of Sham.

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News then reached them

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that Heraclius had encamped in an area called Ma'ab

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in the land of Al-Balqa',

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leading one hundred thousand Romans,

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joined by another one hundred thousand Christian Arabs.

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The Muslims had never anticipated

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that an army of such immense size would march out against them.

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So they stayed in Ma'an for two nights,

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deliberating over their situation and taking counsel together.

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They said, "Let us write to the Messenger of Allah

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to inform him of the number of our enemy,

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so he may either reinforce us with men

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or issue a command for us to proceed."

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But 'Abdullah ibn Rawahah said:

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"O my people!

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By Allah, the very thing you dislike

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is that which you came out seeking: martyrdom!

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We do not fight people with numbers, strength, or abundance;

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we fight them only with this religion with which Allah has honored us.

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So march onward!

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For it is bound to be one of the two best outcomes:

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either victory or martyrdom."

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Thus the matter was settled upon 'Abdullah ibn Rawahah's word,

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and they did not write to the Prophet (peace be upon him).

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That was because those impassioned words of 'Abdullah

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had a profound impact upon them,

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so feelings of hesitation vanished from their ranks,

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and they resolved to face the enemy—

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may Allah be pleased with them.

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When the enemy drew near the Muslims,

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the Muslims moved to a place called Mu'tah,

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where they encamped and arrayed themselves for battle.

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The two forces met:

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one hundred thousand against three thousand!

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Yet it was faith—

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when its winds blow, it works wonders.

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Zayd ibn Harithah took up the banner

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and began fighting fiercely and courageously alongside the Muslims.

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Zayd continued fighting until he was killed (may Allah be pleased with him)

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and fell slain upon the battlefield.

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Salamah ibn al-Akwa' said:

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"I fought in nine military expeditions alongside Zayd,

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and the Prophet (peace be upon him) used to appoint him as commander over us."

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And the Prophet (peace be upon him) said:

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"I entered Paradise,

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and a young maiden met me.

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I asked, 'To whom do you belong?'

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She replied, 'To Zayd ibn Harithah.'"

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After Zayd was martyred,

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Ja'far ibn Abi Talib (may Allah be pleased with him) took up the banner

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and began fighting with intense ferocity.

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When the fighting exhausted him, he recited:

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"O how wonderful is Paradise and its approaching,

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sweet and cool is its drink!

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And the Romans—their punishment draws near;

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disbelievers, distant in their lineage.

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Upon me is to strike them whenever I meet them!"

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So he continued to fight until he dismounted his horse and hamstrung it—

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and he was the first to hamstring his horse in Islam.

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He held fast to the banner (may Allah be pleased with him)

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until his right arm was severed;

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so he took the banner in his left hand,

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whereupon his left arm was severed.

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He then embraced the banner with the stumps of his upper arms,

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and kept it raised until he was killed.

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So Allah granted him in exchange two wings in Paradise,

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with which he flies wherever he wills.

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For this reason, he was called Ja'far al-Tayyar (Ja'far the Flying).

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Whenever 'Abdullah ibn 'Umar (may Allah be pleased with him and his father)

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greeted 'Abdullah ibn Ja'far, he would say to him:

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"Peace be upon you, O son of the Two-Winged One."

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Ja'far was also called

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Abu al-Masakin (Father of the Poor).

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He had made both migrations:

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to Abyssinia and to Medina.

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Al-Bukhari recorded in his Sahih

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from 'Abdullah ibn 'Umar (may Allah be pleased with him and his father)

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that he stood over Ja'far at Mu'tah while he lay slain,

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and said:

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"I counted fifty wounds on him, between stabs and strikes,

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not a single one of which was in his back."

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Ja'far died

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at the age of thirty-three.

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Then, after the martyrdom of Ja'far (may Allah be pleased with him), the banner was taken up by

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'Abdullah ibn Rawahah.

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He advanced with it,

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but experienced a brief moment of hesitation,

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so he addressed his own soul, saying:

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"I swear, O soul, you shall descend [to battle],

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willingly or unwillingly!

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Though the people have gathered and the clamor has grown loud,

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why do I see you reluctant to enter Paradise?"

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Then he dismounted.

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A cousin of his brought him a meat bone

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and said:

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"Strengthen yourself with this."

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He took it from his hand,

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took a single bite from it,

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then tossed it aside, grasped his sword, advanced,

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and fought until he was killed,

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with the banner still in his hand.

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Then a man from the tribe of Banu 'Ajlan stepped forward,

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named Thabit ibn Arqam,

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who took the banner and said:

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"O assembly of Muslims,

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agree upon a man among you [to lead],

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for there must be a commander whose orders are obeyed."

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They said: "You take it."

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He replied:

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"I am not fit to do so."

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So the people agreed upon Khalid ibn al-Walid.

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When he took the banner,

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he fought with immense ferocity.

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Khalid said:

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"On the day of Mu'tah,

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nine swords broke in my hand,

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and nothing remained in my hand except a broad Yemeni blade."

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The Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) had already informed [the companions in Medina]

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about what was taking place,

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as he was sitting on the pulpit with the Companions around him.

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He said:

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"Then Zayd took the banner and was slain,

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then Ja'far took it and was slain,

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then Ibn Rawahah took it and was slain"—

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while the eyes of the Prophet (peace be upon him) were overflowing with tears.

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For these three were among his closest Companions:

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Zayd was his freed slave,

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who used to be called Zayd ibn Muhammad;

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Ja'far was his cousin;

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and 'Abdullah was his poet and one of the prominent leaders of the Khazraj.

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The Prophet (peace be upon him) continued:

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"...until a sword from the swords of Allah took the banner,

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until Allah granted them victory."

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Indeed, Allah granted them victory in this great battle,

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in that only a small number of Muslims were killed,

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while far more were killed among the disbelievers.

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When Khalid took the banner,

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he stood firm throughout the day

00:13:42.799 --> 00:13:46.559
until night fell and fighting ceased.

00:13:46.559 --> 00:13:50.279
Then he executed a remarkable strategy (may Allah be pleased with him):

00:13:50.279 --> 00:13:53.360
he took the right wing and moved it to the left,

00:13:53.360 --> 00:13:56.480
took the left wing and moved it to the right,

00:13:56.480 --> 00:13:58.600
put the vanguard at the rear,

00:13:58.600 --> 00:14:01.320
and brought the rear guard to the front.

00:14:01.320 --> 00:14:07.480
It is also said that he dispatched a detachment to raise clouds of dust in the distance at dawn.

00:14:07.480 --> 00:14:09.480
When morning came,

00:14:09.480 --> 00:14:12.120
the Byzantines remained in their positions,

00:14:12.120 --> 00:14:15.279
but those who had been fighting the right wing

00:14:15.279 --> 00:14:17.399
now faced entirely different faces,

00:14:17.399 --> 00:14:21.159
as did those fighting the left wing and the front line,

00:14:21.159 --> 00:14:24.320
in addition to seeing the dust rising from afar.

00:14:24.320 --> 00:14:28.279
So they were certain that reinforcements had reached the Muslims,

00:14:28.279 --> 00:14:30.480
and they said to themselves:

00:14:30.480 --> 00:14:34.320
"If we could not overcome them when they were so few,

00:14:34.320 --> 00:14:37.590
how can we now that reinforcements have arrived?"

00:14:37.590 --> 00:14:40.750
At that point, the Byzantines disengaged from the battle,

00:14:40.750 --> 00:14:42.669
so Khalid pulled back his forces,

00:14:42.669 --> 00:14:44.990
and the Byzantines retreated to their lands,

00:14:44.990 --> 00:14:48.909
while Khalid led his men back to Medina.

00:14:48.909 --> 00:14:50.710
This was the true victory:

00:14:50.710 --> 00:14:55.789
that he managed to save the Muslims from certain annihilation.

00:14:55.789 --> 00:14:59.429
Those martyred among the Muslims in this battle were:

00:14:59.429 --> 00:15:00.509
Zayd,

00:15:00.509 --> 00:15:01.629
Ja'far,

00:15:01.629 --> 00:15:03.110
Ibn Rawahah,

00:15:03.110 --> 00:15:05.070
Mas'ud ibn al-Aswad,

00:15:05.070 --> 00:15:07.629
Wahb ibn Sa'd ibn Abi Sarh,

00:15:07.629 --> 00:15:09.549
'Abbad ibn Qays,

00:15:09.549 --> 00:15:11.669
Al-Harith ibn al-Nu'man,

00:15:11.669 --> 00:15:13.470
Suraqah ibn 'Amr,

00:15:14.429 --> 00:15:16.389
Jabir ibn 'Amr,

00:15:16.389 --> 00:15:18.669
'Amr ibn Sa'd ibn al-Harith,

00:15:18.669 --> 00:15:21.350
and 'Amir ibn Sa'd ibn al-Harith—

00:15:21.350 --> 00:15:23.750
making twelve in total.

00:15:23.750 --> 00:15:27.980
In this battle, a level of courage and valor was displayed

00:15:27.980 --> 00:15:31.779
the likes of which no other nation had ever seen.

00:15:31.779 --> 00:15:35.740
This spirit of faith that they possessed

00:15:35.740 --> 00:15:38.179
gave them an extraordinary boldness

00:15:38.179 --> 00:15:41.379
that humbled the pride of those mighty nations

00:15:41.580 --> 00:15:45.100
known for their sheer power and vast numbers.

00:15:45.100 --> 00:15:49.220
All of this confirms that the Muslims were of an entirely different caliber

00:15:49.220 --> 00:15:52.500
than any people humanity had ever known.

00:15:52.500 --> 00:15:54.659
After this battle,

00:15:54.659 --> 00:15:58.019
several Arab tribes entered Islam,

00:15:58.019 --> 00:16:00.580
including Banu Sulaym, Ashja',

00:16:00.580 --> 00:16:02.980
Ghatafan, and Fazarah.

00:16:02.980 --> 00:16:05.620
The Muslims returned to Medina,

00:16:05.620 --> 00:16:08.940
and the believers rejoiced at their arrival.

00:16:08.980 --> 00:16:11.580
As for the report claiming

00:16:11.580 --> 00:16:13.500
that when they returned,

00:16:13.500 --> 00:16:17.059
the people of Medina met them saying:

00:16:17.059 --> 00:16:19.740
"O flee-ers! O flee-ers!"

00:16:19.740 --> 00:16:22.899
and that the Prophet (peace be upon him) said:

00:16:22.899 --> 00:16:24.899
"Rather, they are the persistent attackers,"

00:16:24.899 --> 00:16:27.940
this is a weak report and is not authentic.