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The essence of the concepts of Ahl al-Sunnah

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Takfir (excommunication)

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Takfir is the judgment that a responsible person is an unbeliever.

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This applies whether it is original disbelief, like that of a Jew or a Christian,

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or if a Muslim apostatizes from Islam

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by committing an act that nullifies faith.

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And takfir is Allah's right alone.

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It has nothing to do with personal inclination, desire, or whim.

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It only occurs when its conditions are met and its impediments are absent,

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such as coercion, error, ignorance, or misinterpretation.

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And Ahl al-Sunnah are moderate in takfir, between the Khawarij,

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who excommunicate for every sin,

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without regard for conditions and impediments,

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and the Murji'ah, who judge an action as disbelief

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but do not excommunicate the specific doer,

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unless they openly deny it and deem it permissible.

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For them, there is no disbelief of refusal and arrogance,

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nor disbelief of mockery.

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It is sufficient for them that one utters the two testimonies of faith,

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for them to become a Muslim,

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even if the actions and words of the heart are absent,

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even if all types of deeds are absent.

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So Ahl al-Sunnah wa al-Jama'ah do not excommunicate for every sin.

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They only excommunicate for the sin for which the texts state it is disbelief,

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such as abandoning prayer absolutely,

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and ruling by other than what Allah has revealed,

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and reviling the Messenger, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, and reviling his religion,

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and so forth.

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And they do not excommunicate a specific individual

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unless the conditions for their excommunication are met and the impediments are absent.

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And they do not limit this to denial and deeming permissible,

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because disbelief, according to Ahl al-Sunnah, occurs through numerous matters.

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Among them is belief,

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such as believing that Allah has a peer and partner in His Lordship, Divinity, or Names and Attributes.

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And among them is deeming the forbidden as permissible.

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So deeming sins permissible is disbelief in itself, even if the one who deems it permissible does not commit them.

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And deeming permissible is not a condition for disbelief

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except in sins that are less than disbelief and polytheism.

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As for actions that are disbelief and polytheism,

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such as prostrating to an idol or reviling the Messenger, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him,

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the permissibility of performing them is not a prerequisite for deeming their doer an unbeliever.

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Rather, they are described as such merely by performing them, even if they do not deem it permissible.

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As long as the conditions have been met and the impediments have been absent.

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And disbelief occurs through the tongue, such as reviling Allah and His Messenger,

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praising polytheism, reviling prophets and angels, and mocking the divine law.

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And disbelief occurs through action, such as one who fights prophets,

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aids disbelievers against Muslims, or insults the Qur'an,

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and slaughters or prostrates to other than Allah, or legislates apart from Allah.

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The essence of the concepts of Ahl al-Sunnah