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In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful.

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A summary of the Tafsir of al-Tabari.

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Abridged by Dr. ‘Aqil ibn Salim al-Shammar.

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Surah Sad.

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In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful.

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"Has the story of the disputants reached you, when they climbed the wall of the private chamber?"

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Has the news of the disputants reached you, O Muhammad?

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When they entered upon him without using the door of the private chamber.

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The *mihrab* (private chamber) is the foremost, most honorable part of any assembly, house, or dwelling.

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“How they burst in upon David, and he was afraid of them. They said: Be not afraid! (We are) two litigants, one of whom hath wronged the other, therefor judge aright between us; be not unjust; and show us the fair way.” (38:22)

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They said, "Do not be afraid."

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“How they burst in upon David, and he was afraid of them. They said: Be not afraid! (We are) two litigants, one of whom hath wronged the other, therefor judge aright between us; be not unjust; and show us the fair way.” (38:22)

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"So judge between us with truth."

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“How they burst in upon David, and he was afraid of them. They said: Be not afraid! (We are) two litigants, one of whom hath wronged the other, therefor judge aright between us; be not unjust; and show us the fair way.” (38:22)

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“How they burst in upon David, and he was afraid of them. They said: Be not afraid! (We are) two litigants, one of whom hath wronged the other, therefor judge aright between us; be not unjust; and show us the fair way.” (38:22)

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Because of his entry upon him from somewhere other than the door.

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It has been said:

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His alarm was because they did not enter upon him at night,

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nor at a time when he was presiding over the affairs of the people.

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The disputant said to him:

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"Do not fear, O Dawud (David)."

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"We are two disputants; one of us has transgressed against the other without right."

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"So judge between us with justice."

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"Do not deviate, and do not be excessive in your judgment."

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"And guide us to the right path."

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“Lo! this my brother hath ninety and nine ewes while I had one ewe; and he said: Entrust it to me, and he conquered me in speech.” (38:23)

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"And I have one ewe."

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“Lo! this my brother hath ninety and nine ewes while I had one ewe; and he said: Entrust it to me, and he conquered me in speech.” (38:23)

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This is a parable set forth by the disputants who climbed the wall.

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It is said that Dawud, peace be upon him, had,

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ninety-nine wives.

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And the man whom he had sent on a military expedition until he was killed,

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had one wife.

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So when he was killed,

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Dawud married his wife, according to what has been mentioned.

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So one of them said to him:

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"Indeed, this is my brother; he is of my religion."

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He said:

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"Relinquish her to me and let me take her into my care."

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And he became more eloquent than me in his speech to me,

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for if he speaks, he is more articulate than I am,

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and if he uses force, he is stronger than I am, so he overcame me.

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“(David) said: He hath wronged thee in demanding thine ewe in addition to his ewes, and lo! many partners oppress one another, save such as believe and do good works, and they are few. And David guessed that We had tried him, and he sought forgiveness of his Lord, and he bowed himself and fell down prostrate and repented.” (38:24)

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“(David) said: He hath wronged thee in demanding thine ewe in addition to his ewes, and lo! many partners oppress one another, save such as believe and do good works, and they are few. And David guessed that We had tried him, and he sought forgiveness of his Lord, and he bowed himself and fell down prostrate and repented.” (38:24)

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“(David) said: He hath wronged thee in demanding thine ewe in addition to his ewes, and lo! many partners oppress one another, save such as believe and do good works, and they are few. And David guessed that We had tried him, and he sought forgiveness of his Lord, and he bowed himself and fell down prostrate and repented.” (38:24)

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“(David) said: He hath wronged thee in demanding thine ewe in addition to his ewes, and lo! many partners oppress one another, save such as believe and do good works, and they are few. And David guessed that We had tried him, and he sought forgiveness of his Lord, and he bowed himself and fell down prostrate and repented.” (38:24)

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"Except for those who believe and do righteous deeds."

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And they are few.

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“(David) said: He hath wronged thee in demanding thine ewe in addition to his ewes, and lo! many partners oppress one another, save such as believe and do good works, and they are few. And David guessed that We had tried him, and he sought forgiveness of his Lord, and he bowed himself and fell down prostrate and repented.” (38:24)

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So he sought forgiveness from his Lord.

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So he sought forgiveness from his Lord.

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And he fell down bowing and turned in repentance.

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Dawud said to the disputant:

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"Your companion has indeed wronged you by asking for your one wife in addition to his ninety-nine wives."

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"And indeed, many partners,"

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"transgress against one another."

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"Except for those who believe in Allah and act in obedience to Him."

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"And few are those who are like that."

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Those who do not oppress one another.

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And Dawud knew that We had tested him.

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So Dawud asked his Lord for the forgiveness of his sin.

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And he fell down prostrating to Allah and returned to the pleasure of his Lord.

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And he repented for his error.

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So We forgave him that.

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"And indeed, for him is nearness to Us and a good place of return."

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We pardoned him so as not to hold him accountable for his error.

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And indeed, he has with Us a position of closeness.

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And a good place of return and destination to which he will return on the Day of Resurrection.

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“(And it was said unto him): O David! Lo! We have set thee as a viceroy in the earth; therefor judge aright between mankind, and follow not desire that it beguile thee from the way of Allah. Lo! those who wander from the way of Allah have an awful doom, forasmuch as they forgot the Day of Reckoning.” (38:26)

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So judge between the people with truth.

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So judge between the people with truth.

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And do not follow desire.

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“(And it was said unto him): O David! Lo! We have set thee as a viceroy in the earth; therefor judge aright between mankind, and follow not desire that it beguile thee from the way of Allah. Lo! those who wander from the way of Allah have an awful doom, forasmuch as they forgot the Day of Reckoning.” (38:26)

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“(And it was said unto him): O David! Lo! We have set thee as a viceroy in the earth; therefor judge aright between mankind, and follow not desire that it beguile thee from the way of Allah. Lo! those who wander from the way of Allah have an awful doom, forasmuch as they forgot the Day of Reckoning.” (38:26)

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For them is a severe punishment.

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For them is a severe punishment.

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“(And it was said unto him): O David! Lo! We have set thee as a viceroy in the earth; therefor judge aright between mankind, and follow not desire that it beguile thee from the way of Allah. Lo! those who wander from the way of Allah have an awful doom, forasmuch as they forgot the Day of Reckoning.” (38:26)

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And We said to Dawud:

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"O Dawud, indeed We have made you a successor upon the earth,"

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"after those who were before you among Our messengers,"

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"as a judge among its people."

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So judge between the people with justice.

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And do not let your desire influence your judgment among them,

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against truth and justice,

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lest your following of desire leads you astray,

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and away from the path of Allah, which He has established for those who believe in Him.

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Indeed, those who deviate from the path of Allah,

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and transgress against it in this world,

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for them in the Hereafter, on the Day of Reckoning,

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is a severe punishment,

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because they abandoned judging with justice.

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And We did not create the heaven and the earth,

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and what is between them, in vain.

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“And We created not the heaven and the earth and all that is between them in vain. That is the opinion of those who disbelieve. And woe unto those who disbelieve, from the Fire!” (38:27)

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“And We created not the heaven and the earth and all that is between them in vain. That is the opinion of those who disbelieve. And woe unto those who disbelieve, from the Fire!” (38:27)

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And We did not create the heaven and the earth,

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and what is between them, for amusement or play.

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He thought that We created that in vain and for sport.

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That is the assumption of those who disbelieve in Allah,

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for they did not acknowledge His oneness.

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So woe to those who disbelieve from the fire of Hell.

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“Shall We treat those who believe and do good works as those who spread corruption in the earth; or shall We treat the pious as the wicked?” (38:28)

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And do righteous deeds.

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Like those who cause corruption in the land.

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“Shall We treat those who believe and do good works as those who spread corruption in the earth; or shall We treat the pious as the wicked?” (38:28)

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Shall We treat those who believe in Allah and His Messenger,

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and act according to what Allah has commanded,

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like those who associate partners with Allah and disobey Him?

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Or shall We treat those who fear Allah,

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like the disbelievers who violate the sacred limits of Allah?

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“(This is) a Scripture that We have revealed unto thee, full of blessing, that they may ponder its revelations, and that men of understanding may reflect.” (38:29)

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So that they may ponder His verses.

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So that they may ponder His verses.

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And so that those of understanding may be reminded.

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And this Qur'an is a Book We have revealed to you, O Muhammad, blessed,

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so that they may ponder the proofs of Allah contained within it,

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and take heed and act upon it.

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And so that those of intellect may take warning from the signs in the Book,

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and refrain from the misguidance they are upon.

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And We gave to Dawud, Sulayman (Solomon).

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An excellent servant; indeed, he was one who frequently turned to Allah.

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And We gave to Dawud his son Sulayman as a child.

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An excellent servant was Sulayman.

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Indeed, he was one who frequently returned to the obedience of Allah.

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Repentant to Him from what He dislikes from him.

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It is said that it means he was one who frequently remembered Allah and obeyed Him.

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“When there were shown to him at eventide lightfooted coursers” (38:31)

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Indeed, he was one who repented to Allah for the error he committed.

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When there were presented to him in the afternoon the swift horses.

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They described their standing and the stillness of their legs.

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“And he said: Lo! I have preferred the good things (of the world) to the remembrance of my Lord; till they were taken out of sight behind the curtain.” (38:32)

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“(Then he said): Bring them back to me, and fell to slashing (with his sword their) legs and necks.” (38:33)

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He said, "Indeed, I loved the love of good things until I became negligent of the remembrance of my Lord and the performance of His duty,"

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until the sun disappeared in its setting place.

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"Bring back to me the horses that were presented to me, which distracted me from the prayer."

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So they brought them back to him.

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He began to stroke their manes and their legs with his hand out of love for them.

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“And verily We tried Solomon, and set upon his throne a (mere) body. Then did he repent.” (38:34)

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And We certainly tested Sulayman and placed on his throne a body, a devil appearing as a human.

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Then Sulayman turned in repentance and returned to his kingdom,

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after his kingdom had departed from him and gone.

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“He said: My Lord! Forgive me and bestow on me sovereignty such as shall not belong to any after me. Lo! Thou art the Bestower.” (38:35)

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Sulayman said:

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"My Lord, cover my sin that I have committed between me and You, and do not punish me for it."

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"And grant me a kingdom such as will not belong to anyone after me; may no one take it from me. Indeed, You are the Bestower of what You will to whom You will; in Your hand are the treasures of everything."

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“So We made the wind subservient unto him, setting fair by his command whithersoever he intended.” (38:36)

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And the devils, every builder and diver, and others bound in shackles.

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So We answered his prayer and subjected the wind to him in place of the horses that had distracted him from prayer.

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It blew by his command, gentle and soft, wherever he directed it.

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And We subjected the devils to him, and We gave him authority over them,

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in place of what We had tested him with when We placed that body on his throne.

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He employed them in whatever he wished of his works, from building and diving.

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The builders would construct prayer chambers and statues.

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And the divers would extract jewelry for him from the seas.

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And the rebellious ones were bound in chains.

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"This is Our gift, so give or withhold without account."

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And indeed, for him is nearness to Us and a good place of return.

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This kingdom which We have given you is Our gift.

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So give to whom you wish, whatever you wish of the kingdom, and withhold from whom you wish.

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There is no account required of you for that.

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And indeed, for Sulayman with Us is nearness due to his turning to Us.

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And a good place of return and destination in the Hereafter.

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“And make mention (O Muhammad) of Our bondman Job, when he cried unto his Lord (saying): Lo! the devil doth afflict me with distress and torment.” (38:41)

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And remember also, O Muhammad, Our servant Ayyub (Job).

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When he called to his Lord, seeking His help regarding the affliction that had befallen him.

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"My Lord, indeed the devil has touched me with hardship,"

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which is the illness that afflicted his body,

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and torment through the loss of my wealth and my children.

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"Strike with your foot."

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“(And it was said unto him): Strike the ground with thy foot. This (spring) is a cool bath and a refreshing drink.” (38:42)

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Move and strike the earth with your foot.

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This is water to wash with and to drink from.

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It is mentioned that a spring gushed forth when he struck the earth with his foot.

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So he washed and drank.

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So We removed the affliction that he was in.

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“And We bestowed on him (again) his household and therewith the like thereof, a mercy from Us, and a memorial for men of understanding.” (38:43)

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And We granted him his family, wife and children, and the like of them with them,

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as a mercy from Us and a reminder,

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for those of intellect.

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So that they may take warning from it and be admonished.

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“And (it was said unto him): Take in thine hand a branch and smite therewith, and break not thine oath. Lo! We found him steadfast, how excellent a slave! Lo! he was ever turning in repentance (to his Lord).” (38:44)

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Indeed, We found him patient.

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An excellent servant; indeed, he was one who frequently turned to Allah.

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And We said to Ayyub:

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"Take in your hand a bundle," which is what is gathered of something,

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like a bunch of fresh grass,

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or a handful of trees, grass, or stalks.

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"And strike your wife with the bundle, so that you may fulfill your oath which you swore."

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Indeed, We found Ayyub patient in the face of affliction.

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Indeed, he was one who was devoted to the obedience of Allah.

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And he was one who frequently returned to His pleasure.

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And remember Our servants Ibrahim (Abraham), Ishaq (Isaac), and Ya'qub (Jacob), those of strength and vision.

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Indeed, We chose them for a pure quality: the remembrance of the Home (the Hereafter).

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“Lo! in Our sight they are verily of the elect, the excellent.” (38:47)

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“And make mention of Our bondmen, Abraham, Isaac and Jacob, men of parts and vision.” (38:45)

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People of strength in the worship of Allah and obedience to Him.

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And people of insight of the heart.

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It is possible that "those of strength" means,

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that is, before Allah, through righteous deeds.

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So Allah made their righteous deeds in this world a source of strength for them before Him.

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Indeed, We chose them for a pure quality, which is the remembrance of the Home of the Hereafter.

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So they worked for it in this world.

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So they obeyed Allah and were mindful of Him.

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And indeed, these whom We have mentioned,

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are among those We have chosen for Our obedience and for Our message to Our creation.

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And remember Isma'il (Ishmael), al-Yasa' (Elisha), and Dhu al-Kifl, and all are among the chosen.

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And remember, O Muhammad, Isma'il, al-Yasa', and Dhu al-Kifl.

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And what they endured in the obedience of Allah.

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So follow their example and tread their paths in patience regarding what has befallen you for the sake of Allah.

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“This is a reminder. And lo! for those who ward off (evil) is a happy journey's end,” (38:49)

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“Gardens of Eden, whereof the gates are opened for them,” (38:50)

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“Wherein, reclining, they call for plenteous fruit and cool drink (that is) therein.” (38:51)

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This Qur'an which We have revealed to you, O Muhammad,

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is a reminder for you and for your people.

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We have reminded you and them through it.

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And indeed, for the righteous who fear Allah,

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is a good place of return to which they will return in the Hereafter.

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Gardens of residence, with their gates opened for them.

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Reclining therein in Gardens of Eden upon thrones.

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They will call therein for much fruit from the fruits of Paradise,

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and drink from its drink.

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A summary of the Tafsir of al-Tabari.