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Riyadh al-Salihin from the words of the Master of the Messengers, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him.

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The Book of Travel Etiquette.

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Chapter: The Desirability of Departing on a Thursday.

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And the desirability of departing early in the day.

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On the authority of Ka‘b ibn Malik, may Allah be pleased with him,

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that the Prophet, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him,

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departed for the expedition of Tabuk on a Thursday.

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He used to love to depart on a Thursday.

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Agreed upon.

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In a narration in the two Sahihs:

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"Rarely would the Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him, depart except on a Thursday."

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From the benefits of the hadith:

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The desirability of a traveler departing on a Thursday.

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On the authority of Sakhr ibn Wada‘ah al-Ghamidi, the Companion, may Allah be pleased with him,

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that the Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him, said:

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"O Allah, bless my Ummah in its early morning."

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Whenever he sent out a detachment or an army,

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he would send them at the beginning of the day.

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Sakhr was a merchant,

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so he would send his trade at the beginning of the day,

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and he became wealthy and his wealth increased.

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Narrated by Abu Dawud and al-Tirmidhi.

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The "early morning" (bukur) is the beginning of the day.

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From the benefits of the hadith:

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Some times are superior to others.

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The best and most blessed of times is the beginning of the day.

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It is recommended to seek the blessed time of the day to attain blessing in it.

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Chapter: The Desirability of Seeking Companionship,

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and appointing one of them as a leader whom they obey.

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On the authority of Ibn ‘Umar, may Allah be pleased with them both, who said:

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The Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him, said:

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"If people knew what I know about being alone,

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no rider would travel at night alone."

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Narrated by al-Bukhari.

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From the benefits of the hadith:

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The prohibition against traveling alone.

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Because if people knew what the Prophet, peace be upon him, knew

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of the harm in traveling alone,

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they would not travel by night or by day.

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Being alone carries great harm that befalls the servant during his journey.

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He finds no helper on his path if he falls ill or encounters a threat.

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Mentioning the night indicates that the probability of harm occurring is greater.

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On the authority of ‘Amr ibn Shu‘ayb, from his father, from his grandfather, may Allah be pleased with him, who said:

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The Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him, said:

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"One rider is a devil,

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two riders are two devils,

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and three are a caravan."

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Narrated by Abu Dawud, al-Tirmidhi, and al-Nasa’i.

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From the benefits of the hadith:

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The one who is alone in his travel is accompanied by a devil.

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Being alone and traveling by oneself on the earth is an act of the devil.

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It is something the devil encourages and calls toward.

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The devil stays away from a group and does not approach them,

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because of their mutual support and solidarity,

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their carrying for one another,

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their reminding one another,

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and their repelling any harm that might befall one of them.

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On the authority of Abu Sa‘id and Abu Hurayrah, may Allah be pleased with them both, who said:

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The Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him, said:

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"If three go out on a journey,

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let them appoint one of them as their leader."

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Narrated by Abu Dawud.

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From the benefits of the hadith:

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It is necessary to appoint a leader during travel,

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because he resolves any problem they encounter

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by having them refer to him and follow his opinion.

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The leader is responsible for looking after the interests of the travelers

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and warding off harm from them.

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The leadership of travel is not the same as the leadership of the Caliph,

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or those appointed by the Caliph.

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The leadership of travel ends with the end of the journey.

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On the authority of Ibn ‘Abbas, may Allah be pleased with them both,

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from the Prophet, peace be upon him, who said:

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"The best of companions are four,

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the best of detachments are four hundred,

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and the best of armies are four thousand;

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and twelve thousand will not be defeated due to a small number."

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Narrated by Abu Dawud and al-Tirmidhi.

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"Companions" means associates.

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"Detachments" (saraya) are parts of an army.

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From the benefits of the hadith:

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A statement that the best of companions are four,

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because they suffice for the intended purpose in residence and travel.

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A statement that the best of detachments are four hundred men.

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The best of armies are four thousand soldiers.

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If an army reaches twelve thousand and is defeated,

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the cause of its defeat is not the smallness of its number,

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but another reason:

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either because of the weakness of their faith,

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or because they were deluded by themselves,

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or because they committed sins,

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or because of their lack of sincerity,

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or other matters that prevent victory.

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Chapter: Etiquette of Traveling, Stopping, Staying Overnight, and Sleeping during Travel,

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and the desirability of traveling by night,

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being kind to animals and considering their well-being,

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and the permissibility of riding double on an animal

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if it can bear it,

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and the command for one who neglects its rights to fulfill them.

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On the authority of Abu Hurayrah, may Allah be pleased with him, who said:

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The Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him, said:

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"If you travel in a fertile land,

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give the camels their share of the earth [to graze].

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If you travel in a barren land,

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hasten the journey with them,

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and reach your destination before they lose their marrow.

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And if you stop for the night (ta‘arras),

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avoid the road,

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for it is the path of animals and the shelter of vermin at night."

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Narrated by Muslim.

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The meaning of "give the camels their share of the earth":

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That is, be gentle with them in travel

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so they may graze while they walk.

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His saying "their marrow" (naqiyaha) refers to the marrow.

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It means: hasten with them

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until you reach the destination

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before their marrow is depleted from the hardship of the journey.

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"Ta‘ris" (stopping for the night)

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is stopping during the night.

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From the benefits of the hadith:

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One should give animals their right to food and pasture,

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and not prevent them from it.

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Islam encourages kindness to animals.

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It teaches the traveler how to travel.

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If he travels in a fertile land,

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he should let the animal eat and graze to gain strength.

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If he travels in a barren land,

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he should hasten until he reaches his destination with it

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before it tires from the hardship of the journey.

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The prohibition against harming others

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by staying overnight on their path and blocking them from passing.

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Warding off harm from the traveler

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by informing him about the paths of vermin and animals at night.

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On the authority of Abu Qatadah, may Allah be pleased with him, who said:

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The Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him,

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when he was on a journey

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and stopped for the night,

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he would lie on his right side.

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And if he stopped shortly before dawn,

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he would prop up his forearm and place his head on his palm.

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Narrated by Muslim.

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The scholars said:

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He only propped up his forearm

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so that he would not fall into a deep sleep,

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causing the dawn prayer to pass its time,

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or the beginning of its time.

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From the benefits of the hadith:

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A statement of the correct posture for sleeping.

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The superiority of the right side over others.

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The desirability of lying down after the Sunnah of Fajr and before the obligatory prayer.

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The concern of the Messenger, peace be upon him,

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for performing the prayer on time.

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That is why he would prop up his forearm when lying down,

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so that he would not fall into a deep sleep,

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causing him to miss the Fajr prayer.

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On the authority of Anas, may Allah be pleased with him, who said:

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The Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him, said:

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"You should travel by night (al-duljah),

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for the earth is traversed by night."

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Narrated by Abu Dawud.

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"Al-Duljah"

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means traveling at night.

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From the benefits of the hadith:

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The desirability of traveling at night,

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because it is more restful for the traveler and his animal.

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Therefore, he does not feel the length of the distance or the fatigue of the journey,

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as if the earth were folded and the distances shortened.

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On the authority of Abu Tha‘labah al-Khushani, may Allah be pleased with him, who said:

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When the people stopped at a place,

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they would scatter into the mountain passes and valleys.

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The Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him, said:

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"Your scattering in these mountain passes and valleys

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is only from the devil."

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After that, they would not stop at a place

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except that they would draw close to one another.

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Narrated by Abu Dawud.

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"Mountain passes" (shi‘ab) is the plural of "shi‘b,"

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which is a path in a mountain.

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"Valleys" (awdiyah) is the plural of "wadi,"

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which is any opening between mountains or hills

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that serves as a passage for travel.

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From the benefits of the hadith:

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Separation occurs due to the whispers of the devil.

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The purpose of companionship is to repel what one encounters during travel,

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and to assist with its hardships.

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Separation prevents that.

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The Shari‘ah’s concern for the gathering of bodies,

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because that is more conducive to unity and showing strength.

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A statement of the speed with which the Companions, may Allah be pleased with them, responded

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to carry out the command of the Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him,

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because in it lies their honor, life, and dignity.

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On the authority of Sahl ibn ‘Amr,

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and it is said Sahl ibn al-Rabi‘ ibn ‘Amr al-Ansari,

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known as Ibn al-Hanzaliyyah,

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and he is one of the people of the Pledge of Ridwan, may Allah be pleased with him, who said:

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The Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him, passed by a camel

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whose back had shrunk to its belly [due to hunger/exhaustion].

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He said:

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Fear Allah regarding these speechless beasts.

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Ride them when they are fit, and eat them when they are fit.

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It was recorded by Abu Dawud.

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"Speechless" (al-mu'jamah) refers to the dumb animal (al-'ajma').

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That is, the one that cannot speak.

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Among the benefits of this hadith:

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The obligation of kindness toward animals.

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The obligation of treating animals well.

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So that one may also be able to use them in a manner that does not involve injustice toward them.

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On the authority of Abu Ja'far 'Abdullah ibn Ja'far, may Allah be pleased with them both, who said:

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The Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, had me ride behind him one day.

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He whispered a secret to me that I would not disclose to anyone.

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The things the Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him, preferred to use for concealment when answering the call of nature,

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Were a mound or a grove of date palms.

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Meaning a wall of date palms.

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Muslim recorded it in this abridged form.

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Al-Barqani added to it, with the chain of narration of Muslim, after his words:

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"A grove of date palms,"

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That he entered a garden belonging to a man from the Ansar.

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There was a camel in it.

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When it saw the Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him, it groaned and its eyes shed tears.

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The Prophet, peace be upon him, went to it.

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He wiped its hump—that is, its back and the area behind its ears.

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It calmed down.

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He then asked, "Who is the owner of this camel? To whom does this camel belong?"

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A young man from the Ansar came and said, "It is mine, O Messenger of Allah."

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He said, "Do you not fear Allah regarding this beast that Allah has placed in your possession?

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It is complaining to me that you keep it hungry and exhaust it."

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Abu Dawud also recorded it like the narration of al-Barqani.

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His word "dhafrah" is a feminine singular noun.

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Linguists say the "dhafrah" is the place behind the ear of a camel where it sweats.

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His word "tud'ibuhu" means you exhaust it.

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"The things the Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him, preferred to use for concealment,"

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Means he used them to screen himself from the eyes of people when answering the call of nature.

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"Jarjara" means it made a sound.

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"Its eyes shed tears" means its eyes flowed with tears.

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Among the benefits of this hadith:

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The permissibility of having someone ride behind one on a mount.

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Whoever has extra space on their mount,

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Should assist someone who has no mount.

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Carrying two people on a mount is not an injustice to it.

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The permissibility of singling out certain people with a secret to the exclusion of others.

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And the permissibility of not informing anyone else about this secret.

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However, it should be known that this is specific to him,

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And no legal ruling (fiqh) is to be based upon it.

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Because matters that involve legal rulings may not be hidden or kept undisclosed.

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The recommendation to be extremely careful in covering one's private parts when answering the call of nature.

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A miracle among the miracles of the Prophet, peace be upon him.

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Which is the camel complaining to him.

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Not giving an animal its due share of food,

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Is an injustice toward it.

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Establishing that animals have feelings, pain, and sensations.

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The recognition of the Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him, by animals.

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The Shari'ah stands for justice and fairness toward every living being.

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On the authority of Anas, may Allah be pleased with him, who said:

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When we would stop at a place,

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We would not perform voluntary prayers until we had unloaded the baggage.

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It was recorded by Abu Dawud with a chain of narration meeting the criteria of Muslim.

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His words "we would not perform voluntary prayers,"

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Mean we would not perform the optional prayer.

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The meaning is,

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That despite our eagerness for prayer,

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We would not prioritize it over unloading the baggage and resting the animals.

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Among the benefits of this hadith:

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Part of complete rest,

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Is removing the saddles from the animals upon stopping.

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The eagerness of the Companions, may Allah be pleased with them, to implement the instructions of the Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him,

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Regarding kindness toward animals.

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The eagerness of a Muslim for what benefits him,

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Especially during his travels.

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Therefore, one should rest the animals.

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Riyadh al-Salihin.