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A summary of the concepts held by the Ahl al-Sunnah.

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The founders of capitalism and their ideas.

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The capitalist school of thought emerged in the late eighteenth century.

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And the early nineteenth century, at the hands of three successive thinkers.

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They are Adam Smith, Malthus, and the Jewish thinker David Ricardo.

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As for Adam Smith, he is the primary founder.

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This was through the theory he presented in his controversial book,

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"The Wealth of Nations," in which he determined that the driving factor in human activity

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is nothing other than personal interest.

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Therefore, in his view, it is not reprehensible, even if it comes at the expense of others.

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He was also the one who advocated that the primary economic value should be placed on labor rather than land.

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As for Malthus, he served as a staunch defender of capitalism.

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Although he was originally a clergyman,

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he forbade charity and the provision of aid to families unable to secure their own means of living.

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This is because he believed that the crisis of humanity lies in the increase of the population,

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which occurs according to a geometric progression,

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while the increase in food resources follows an arithmetic progression.

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Consequently, in his view, anyone who cannot provide for their own livelihood does not deserve to live.

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In this, he aligns with the idea of "survival of the fittest" established by Darwin’s theory.

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As for the Jewish thinker David Ricardo, he is the originator of the distinction between rent and profit.

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He stated that rent is the gain obtained by the owner of any land,

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whereas profit is the industrial capitalist gain.

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In this, he relies on Adam Smith’s theory of assigning value to labor.

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He then cast blame upon rent,

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making it the primary cause of threats to industry, as well as class division and social inequality.

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In his view, landowners charge exorbitant prices for the products necessary for survival,

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which causes a decrease in the profits of businessmen because they are forced to raise workers' wages

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to cover their living expenses,

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thereby threatening the rise of industry, which was gaining momentum during that period.

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He convinced governments to impose taxes on landowners,

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or to nationalize many of their lands, thereby contributing to the fight against feudalism.

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A summary of the concepts held by the Ahl al-Sunnah.