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In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful.

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Summary of Tafsir al-Tabari.

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Abridged by Dr. 'Aqil ibn Salim al-Shammari.

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Surah al-Ma'idah.

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In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful.

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“O ye who believe! Take not the Jews and the Christians for friends. They are friends one to another. He among you who taketh them for friends is (one) of them. Lo! Allah guideth not wrongdoing folk.” (5:51)

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◁ They are allies of one another ▷

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“O ye who believe! Take not the Jews and the Christians for friends. They are friends one to another. He among you who taketh them for friends is (one) of them. Lo! Allah guideth not wrongdoing folk.” (5:51)

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◁ Indeed, Allah does not guide the wrongdoing people ▷

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O you who have believed, do not take the Jews and the Christians as allies and confederates against those who believe in Allah.

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Some Jews are allies of others against the believers, acting as a single hand against all of them.

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Likewise, the Christians are allies of one another against whoever opposes their religion.

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Therefore, be allies to one another as well.

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Treat the Jew and the Christian as enemies, just as they wage war against you.

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Whoever turns to the Jews and Christians for alliance instead of the believers is counted among their religion and community.

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Indeed, Allah does not grant success to anyone who bestows allegiance where it does not belong.

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Thus, do not ally with the Jews and Christians despite their hostility toward Allah and His Messenger.

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“And thou seest those in whose heart is a disease race toward them, saying: We fear lest a change of fortune befall us. And it may happen that Allah will vouchsafe (unto thee) the victory, or a commandment from His presence. Then will they repent them of their secret thoughts.” (5:52)

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“And thou seest those in whose heart is a disease race toward them, saying: We fear lest a change of fortune befall us. And it may happen that Allah will vouchsafe (unto thee) the victory, or a commandment from His presence. Then will they repent them of their secret thoughts.” (5:52)

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“And thou seest those in whose heart is a disease race toward them, saying: We fear lest a change of fortune befall us. And it may happen that Allah will vouchsafe (unto thee) the victory, or a commandment from His presence. Then will they repent them of their secret thoughts.” (5:52)

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“And thou seest those in whose heart is a disease race toward them, saying: We fear lest a change of fortune befall us. And it may happen that Allah will vouchsafe (unto thee) the victory, or a commandment from His presence. Then will they repent them of their secret thoughts.” (5:52)

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So you see, O Muhammad, those in whose hearts is doubt regarding faith in your prophethood,

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hastening as they do to ally with and court the Jews and the Christians.

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These hypocrites say:

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"We only hasten to ally with these Jews and Christians

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out of fear that a misfortune may befall us from our enemies,

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so we will need their help; hence we ally with them for that reason."

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But perhaps Allah will bring about the decree, including the Conquest of Mecca,

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for that was among the grand decrees of Allah,

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or bring about a matter directly from Him,

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by which He grants victory to the believers over the disbelievers—the Jews, Christians, and other people of disbelief.

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Then these hypocrites will become regretful over the affection they harbored in their hearts for the Jews and Christians.

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“Then will the believers say (unto the people of the Scripture): are these they who swore by Allah their most binding oaths that they were surely with you? Their works have failed, and they have become the losers.” (5:53)

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“Then will the believers say (unto the people of the Scripture): are these they who swore by Allah their most binding oaths that they were surely with you? Their works have failed, and they have become the losers.” (5:53)

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“Then will the believers say (unto the people of the Scripture): are these they who swore by Allah their most binding oaths that they were surely with you? Their works have failed, and they have become the losers.” (5:53)

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And the believers will say, "Are these the ones who swore by Allah their most solemn oaths, lyingly claiming that they were with us?"

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Their deeds that they performed have come to naught, leaving them with neither reward nor recompense.

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Thus these hypocrites have become shortchanged in their transaction, bartering the Hereafter for the life of this world,

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so their bargain failed and they were ruined.

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“O ye who believe! Whoso of you becometh a renegade from his religion, (know that in his stead) Allah will bring a people whom He loveth and who love Him, humble toward believers, stern toward disbelievers, striving in the way of Allah, and fearing not the blame of any blamer. Such is the grace of Allah which He giveth unto whom He will. Allah is All-Embracing, All-Knowing.” (5:54)

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“O ye who believe! Whoso of you becometh a renegade from his religion, (know that in his stead) Allah will bring a people whom He loveth and who love Him, humble toward believers, stern toward disbelievers, striving in the way of Allah, and fearing not the blame of any blamer. Such is the grace of Allah which He giveth unto whom He will. Allah is All-Embracing, All-Knowing.” (5:54)

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“O ye who believe! Whoso of you becometh a renegade from his religion, (know that in his stead) Allah will bring a people whom He loveth and who love Him, humble toward believers, stern toward disbelievers, striving in the way of Allah, and fearing not the blame of any blamer. Such is the grace of Allah which He giveth unto whom He will. Allah is All-Embracing, All-Knowing.” (5:54)

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“O ye who believe! Whoso of you becometh a renegade from his religion, (know that in his stead) Allah will bring a people whom He loveth and who love Him, humble toward believers, stern toward disbelievers, striving in the way of Allah, and fearing not the blame of any blamer. Such is the grace of Allah which He giveth unto whom He will. Allah is All-Embracing, All-Knowing.” (5:54)

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O you who have believed in Allah and His Messenger,

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whoever among you turns back from his religion, substituting and altering it by entering into disbelief,

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“Muhammad is but a messenger, messengers (the like of whom) have passed away before him. Will it be that, when he dieth or is slain, ye will turn back on your heels? He who turneth back on his heels doth no hurt to Allah, and Allah will reward the thankful.” (3:144)

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Allah will bring forth in their stead a people whom He loves and who love Him.

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Allah loves them, and they love Allah.

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Gentle toward the believers and merciful to them,

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they strive in fighting the enemies of Allah in the manner He has authorized for them,

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and they do not fear the blame of anyone in matters pertaining to Allah.

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That is the favor of Allah, which He bestows upon them.

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And Allah is Bounteous with His favor to whomever He chooses to grant it,

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All-Knowing of where to place His bounty and bestowal,

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so He does not grant it except to one who is worthy of it.

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“Your guardian can be only Allah; and His messenger and those who believe, who establish worship and pay the poordue, and bow down (in prayer).” (5:55)

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“Your guardian can be only Allah; and His messenger and those who believe, who establish worship and pay the poordue, and bow down (in prayer).” (5:55)

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You have no protector, O believers, except Allah, His Messenger,

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and the believers who establish prayer.

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“Your guardian can be only Allah; and His messenger and those who believe, who establish worship and pay the poordue, and bow down (in prayer).” (5:55)

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“And whoso taketh Allah and His messenger and those who believe for guardian (will know that), lo! the party of Allah, they are the victorious.” (5:56)

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◁ And whoever allies with Allah and His Messenger and those who have believed ▷

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Indeed, the party of Allah—they are the ones who shall prevail and hold sway over those who oppose and resist them.

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“O Ye who believe! Choose not for guardians such of those who received the Scripture before you, and of the disbelievers, as make a jest and sport of your religion. But keep your duty to Allah if ye are true believers.” (5:57)

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“O Ye who believe! Choose not for guardians such of those who received the Scripture before you, and of the disbelievers, as make a jest and sport of your religion. But keep your duty to Allah if ye are true believers.” (5:57)

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“O Ye who believe! Choose not for guardians such of those who received the Scripture before you, and of the disbelievers, as make a jest and sport of your religion. But keep your duty to Allah if ye are true believers.” (5:57)

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O you who have believed in Allah and His Messenger,

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“O Ye who believe! Choose not for guardians such of those who received the Scripture before you, and of the disbelievers, as make a jest and sport of your religion. But keep your duty to Allah if ye are true believers.” (5:57)

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for these Jews took their religion as a mockery and a game,

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in that one of them would display faith to the believers while remaining steadfast in his disbelief,

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and then return to open disbelief after a short while,

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expressing it verbally through his speech,

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making a mockery and game of the religion—whether among the Jews, the Christians, or the idol-worshipping polytheists—

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do not take them as allies and brothers.

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And fear Allah, if you are believers in Allah,

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and affirm the truth of His warning regarding disobedience to Him.

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“And when ye call to prayer they take it for a jest and sport. That is because they are a folk who understand not.” (5:58)

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◁ That is because they are a people who do not reason ▷

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And when your caller calls to prayer, O believers,

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these disbelievers among the Jews, Christians, and polytheists mock your call to it

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and make a game out of it.

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That which they do is done solely out of their ignorance of their Lord,

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and because they do not understand what reward lies in store for them if they were to respond to the call to prayer.

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Had they understood the punishment from Allah awaiting whoever acts like that among them, they would not have done it.

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“Say: O People of the Scripture! Do ye blame us for aught else than that we believe in Allah and that which is revealed unto us and that which was revealed aforetime, and because most of you are evil-livers?” (5:59)

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“Say: O People of the Scripture! Do ye blame us for aught else than that we believe in Allah and that which is revealed unto us and that which was revealed aforetime, and because most of you are evil-livers?” (5:59)

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Say, O Muhammad, to the People of the Book among the Jews and Christians:

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"O People of the Book, do you resent us when you mock our religion,

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for any reason other than that we believed and affirmed faith in Allah, worshipping Him as One,

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and in what was revealed to us from Allah of the Book,

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and in what was revealed to the Prophets of Allah of scriptures?

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And only because most of you are defiant of Allah's command,

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straying outside the bounds of His obedience?"

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“Shall I tell thee of a worse (case) than theirs for retribution with Allah? (Worse is the case of him) whom Allah hath cursed, him on whom His wrath hath fallen and of whose sort Allah hath turned some to apes and swine, and who serveth idols. Such are in worse plight and further astray from the plain road.” (5:60)

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“Shall I tell thee of a worse (case) than theirs for retribution with Allah? (Worse is the case of him) whom Allah hath cursed, him on whom His wrath hath fallen and of whose sort Allah hath turned some to apes and swine, and who serveth idols. Such are in worse plight and further astray from the plain road.” (5:60)

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◁ and worshipped false deities ▷

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◁ Those are worse in position and further astray from the sound path ▷

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Say, O Muhammad, to these people: "Shall I inform you, O assembly of the People of the Book,

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of a recompense worse than what you resent in us—namely, our faith in Allah and what was revealed to us?

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It is those whom Allah has banished and distanced from His mercy, and upon whom He is angry,

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and among whom He turned into apes and swine,

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out of His wrath and anger at them, and those who worshipped false deities.

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These are worse in position in the immediate life of this world and in the Hereafter before Allah

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than those whose faith in Allah you resent, O assembly of Jews.

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Yet despite that, O Jews, you are far more deviated from the straight path

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and further astray from the way of righteousness and moderation than they."

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“When they come unto you (Muslims), they say: We believe; but they came in unbelief and they went out in the same; and Allah knoweth best what they were hiding.” (5:61)

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“When they come unto you (Muslims), they say: We believe; but they came in unbelief and they went out in the same; and Allah knoweth best what they were hiding.” (5:61)

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And when these hypocrites among the Jews come to you, O believers,

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they say to you, "We believe in what your Prophet Muhammad, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, has brought,

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and we follow him in his religion,"

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while they remain steadfast in their disbelief and misguidance.

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They entered upon you carrying the disbelief that they believe in their hearts and conceal in their chests,

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and they departed from your presence with that same disbelief, just as they had entered with it.

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Their coming to you did not turn them away from their disbelief and misguidance.

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And Allah knows best what disbelief they were concealing when they said to you with their tongues,

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"We believe in Allah and in Muhammad, and we affirm the truth of what he brought."

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And you see, O Muhammad, many of these Jews

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hastening to commit sin

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and transgressing the limits that Allah set for them,

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consuming bribes that they accept from the people

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in exchange for judging contrary to the judgment of Allah among them.

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Surely, evil indeed is the deed that these Jews used to commit!

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Why do their righteous leaders among the believers,

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their learned scholars, and their rabbis not forbid them

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from speaking falsehood and lying,

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and from consuming the bribery they used to take for judging contrary to the Book of Allah in favor of the one who bribed them?

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Evil indeed is what they have wrought with their tongues!

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“The Jews say: Allah's hand is fettered. Their hands are fettered and they are accursed for saying so. Nay, but both His hands are spread out wide in bounty. He bestoweth as He will. That which hath been revealed unto thee from thy Lord is certain to increase the contumacy and disbelief of many of them, and We have cast among them enmity and hatred till the Day of Resurrection. As often as they light a fire for war, Allah extinguisheth it. Their effort is for corruption in the land, and Allah loveth not corrupters.” (5:64)

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“The Jews say: Allah's hand is fettered. Their hands are fettered and they are accursed for saying so. Nay, but both His hands are spread out wide in bounty. He bestoweth as He will. That which hath been revealed unto thee from thy Lord is certain to increase the contumacy and disbelief of many of them, and We have cast among them enmity and hatred till the Day of Resurrection. As often as they light a fire for war, Allah extinguisheth it. Their effort is for corruption in the land, and Allah loveth not corrupters.” (5:64)

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Rather, His hands are wide open; He spends as He wills.

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And it will surely increase—

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and they offer assistance—

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and they offer assistance—

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and more arrogant among them—

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and they offer assistance—

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as He wills.

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◁ And that which has been revealed to you from your Lord will surely increase many of them in transgression and disbelief ▷

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“The Jews say: Allah's hand is fettered. Their hands are fettered and they are accursed for saying so. Nay, but both His hands are spread out wide in bounty. He bestoweth as He will. That which hath been revealed unto thee from thy Lord is certain to increase the contumacy and disbelief of many of them, and We have cast among them enmity and hatred till the Day of Resurrection. As often as they light a fire for war, Allah extinguisheth it. Their effort is for corruption in the land, and Allah loveth not corrupters.” (5:64)

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“The Jews say: Allah's hand is fettered. Their hands are fettered and they are accursed for saying so. Nay, but both His hands are spread out wide in bounty. He bestoweth as He will. That which hath been revealed unto thee from thy Lord is certain to increase the contumacy and disbelief of many of them, and We have cast among them enmity and hatred till the Day of Resurrection. As often as they light a fire for war, Allah extinguisheth it. Their effort is for corruption in the land, and Allah loveth not corrupters.” (5:64)

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And the Jews among the Children of Israel said:

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"Allah is stingy toward us and withholds His bounty from us,"

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like one whose hand is chained and unable to stretch out in giving or bestowing charity.

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So Allah stated, refuting their lie:

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Their hands are withheld from good deeds,

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restrained from extending in generosity,

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and they have been banished from the mercy of Allah.

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Rather, His hands are wide open in bestowal and giving;

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the provisions of His servants and the sustenance of His creation are in His hands—

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He provides as He wills,

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giving to this one and withholding from that one.

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And that which has been revealed to you from your Lord will surely increase many of them

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in excess in denying what they already know to be the truth regarding the prophethood of Muhammad (peace be upon him),

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and it increases them in disbelief through their denial of Allah's grandeur

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and their describing Him with attributes that do not belong to Him.

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And We have cast enmity and hatred among the Jews and Christians until the Day of Resurrection.

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Whenever they gather their affairs upon something and attempt to rectify it,

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Allah scatters it for them and spoils it,

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due to their evil deeds and corrupt intentions.

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And these Jews and Christians act in disobedience to Allah,

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disbelieving in His verses, denying His messengers,

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and defying His commands and prohibitions;

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that is their endeavor to spread corruption in the land.

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And Allah does not love those who act in disobedience to Him on His earth.

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“If only the People of the Scripture would believe and ward off (evil), surely We should remit their sins from them and surely We should bring them into Gardens of Delight.” (5:65)

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◁ We would surely have admitted them to Gardens of Delight ▷

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And if the People of the Book had believed in Allah and His Messenger Muhammad (peace be upon him)

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and feared what Allah prohibited them from, avoiding it,

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We would have wiped away their sins, covering them over without exposing them thereby,

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and We would have admitted them into gardens wherein they would enjoy bliss in the Hereafter.

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“If they had observed the Torah and the Gospel and that which was revealed unto them from their Lord, they would surely have been nourished from above them and from beneath their feet. Among them there are people who are moderate, but many of them are of evil conduct.” (5:66)

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“If they had observed the Torah and the Gospel and that which was revealed unto them from their Lord, they would surely have been nourished from above them and from beneath their feet. Among them there are people who are moderate, but many of them are of evil conduct.” (5:66)

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◁ Among them is a moderate community ▷

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“If they had observed the Torah and the Gospel and that which was revealed unto them from their Lord, they would surely have been nourished from above them and from beneath their feet. Among them there are people who are moderate, but many of them are of evil conduct.” (5:66)

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And had they acted upon what is in the Torah and the Gospel,

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and acted upon what was revealed to them from their Lord, Allah would have sent down upon them rain from the sky,

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causing the earth to grow its grain and vegetation for them, bringing forth its fruits,

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and they would have eaten from the blessings beneath their feet upon the earth,

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from its grain, vegetation, fruits, and all other edible produce brought forth by the earth.

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Among them is a group moderate in their speech concerning Jesus, son of Mary;

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but many of the Children of Israel—evil is that which they do.