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In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful.

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Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah.

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A Concise Summary of the Prophetic biography (Seerah).

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Authored by Sheikh Musa bin Rashid al-Azimi.

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May Allah preserve him.

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The Pledge of Ridwan.

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The Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, commanded

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the Companions to take the pledge.

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This pledge became known as the Pledge of Ridwan,

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because Allah, glory be to Him, was pleased with those who took it.

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The Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, was

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sitting under a tree.

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Imam Muslim narrated in his Sahih

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on the authority of Ma'qil Ibn Yasar, may Allah be pleased with him, who said:

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"I saw us on the day of the tree,

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while the Prophet, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, was taking the pledge from the people,

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and I was holding up one of its branches away from his head,

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and we were fourteen hundred in number."

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Imam Muslim also narrated in his Sahih

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on the authority of Jabir Ibn 'Abdullah, may Allah be pleased with them both, who said:

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"We were fourteen hundred on the day of Hudaybiyyah,

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and we pledged allegiance to him."

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'Umar, may Allah be pleased with him, was holding his hand under the tree.

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The Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, pledged

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on behalf of 'Uthman, may Allah be pleased with him.

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Imam al-Bukhari narrated in his Sahih

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on the authority of Ibn 'Umar, may Allah be pleased with them both, who said:

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"As for his absence from the Pledge of Ridwan,

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had there been anyone in the valley of Makkah more honorable than 'Uthman,

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he would have sent him in his place."

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The Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, sent 'Uthman,

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and the Pledge of Ridwan took place

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after 'Uthman had gone to Makkah.

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The Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, said with his right hand,

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"This is the hand of 'Uthman,"

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and he struck his own hand with it,

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saying, "This is for 'Uthman."

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Imam al-Tirmidhi narrated in his Jami' with a hasan chain

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on the authority of Anas Ibn Malik, may Allah be pleased with him, who said:

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"When the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, commanded

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the Pledge of Ridwan,

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'Uthman Ibn 'Affan, may Allah be pleased with him, was the messenger of the Messenger of Allah to the people of Makkah."

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He said: "The people pledged allegiance,

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and the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, said,

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'Indeed, 'Uthman is occupied with the affair of Allah and the affair of His Messenger.'

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He then struck one of his hands upon the other,

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so the hand of the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, was for 'Uthman

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better than their own hands were for themselves."

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Al-Hafiz Ibn Kathir said:

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"This was more honorable than his personal attendance at that pledge."

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Allah, glory be to Him, revealed regarding this:

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“Allah was well pleased with the believers when they swore allegiance unto thee beneath the tree, and He knew what was in their hearts, and He sent down peace of reassurance on them, and hath rewarded them with a near victory;” (48:18)

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The virtue of those who took the Pledge of Ridwan.

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The greatest thing mentioned regarding the virtue of those who took the Pledge of Ridwan

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is the saying of the Almighty:

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“Allah was well pleased with the believers when they swore allegiance unto thee beneath the tree, and He knew what was in their hearts, and He sent down peace of reassurance on them, and hath rewarded them with a near victory;” (48:18)

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The two Sheikhs (al-Bukhari and Muslim) narrated in their Sahihs

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on the authority of Jabir Ibn 'Abdullah, may Allah be pleased with them both, who said:

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"The Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, said to us on the day of Hudaybiyyah,

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'You are the best of the people of the earth,'

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and we were fourteen hundred."

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Al-Hafiz said in al-Fath:

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"This is explicit regarding the virtue of the Companions of the tree."

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For there were other Muslims at that time

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in groups in Makkah, Madinah, and elsewhere.

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Imam Ahmad narrated in his Musnad, as did al-Tirmidhi and Abu Dawud,

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on the authority of Jabir Ibn 'Abdullah, may Allah be pleased with them both, who said:

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The Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, said:

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"No one who pledged under the tree shall enter the Fire."

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The capture of a number of polytheists.

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When the Quraysh learned of the pledge,

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they sent a detachment at night to the Muslim camp,

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and they were all taken captive.

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Imam Muslim narrated in his Sahih,

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and Imam Ahmad in his Musnad,

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with the wording belonging to Ahmad,

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on the authority of Anas Ibn Malik, may Allah be pleased with him, who said:

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"When it was the day of Hudaybiyyah,

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there descended upon the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, and his Companions

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eighty men from the people of Makkah, armed,

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from the direction of Mount Tan'im.

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He prayed against them, and they were seized."

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And this verse was revealed:

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“And He it is Who hath withheld men's hands from you, and hath withheld your hands from them, in the valley of Mecca, after He had made you victors over them. Allah is Seer of what ye do.” (48:24)

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"in the valley of Makkah."

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"in the valley of Makkah after He had given you victory over them."

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"And Allah is ever All-Seeing of what you do."

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In another narration in the Musnad and the Mustadrak with a sahih chain,

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on the authority of 'Abdullah Ibn Mughaffal al-Muzani, may Allah be pleased with him, who said:

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"While we were in that state,

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thirty young men emerged upon us, armed,

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and they charged at us.

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The Prophet, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, prayed against them,

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and Allah took away their sight,

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so we rose to them and captured them."

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The Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, said to them:

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"Did you come under the covenant of anyone,

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or did anyone grant you safety?"

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They said, "By Allah, no."

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So he let them go.

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And Allah, the Almighty, revealed:

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“And He it is Who hath withheld men's hands from you, and hath withheld your hands from them, in the valley of Mecca, after He had made you victors over them. Allah is Seer of what ye do.” (48:24)

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"in the valley of Makkah."

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"in the valley of Makkah after He had given you victory over them."

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"And Allah is ever All-Seeing of what you do."

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When did their capture occur?

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I say: It appears that this incident occurred after the peace treaty was concluded,

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or shortly before it.

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Imam Muslim narrated in his Sahih

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on the authority of Salamah Ibn al-Akwa', may Allah be pleased with him, who said:

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"The polytheists sought peace,

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until we walked among one another,

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and we made peace.

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I was a follower of Talhah Ibn 'Ubaydullah,

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watering his horse, grooming it, and serving him,

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and eating from his food.

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I had left my family and wealth, migrating to Allah and His Messenger, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him.

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When we and the people of Makkah made peace,

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and we mingled with one another,

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I came to a tree, cleared its thorns,

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and lay down at its base.

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Four of the polytheists from the people of Makkah came to me,

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and they began to speak ill of the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him,

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so I hated them,

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and I moved to another tree.

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They hung up their weapons and lay down.

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While they were in that state,

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a caller called out from the bottom of the valley:

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'O Emigrants!

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Ibn Zunaym has been killed!'

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He said:

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'I drew my sword,

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then I charged at those four while they were asleep,

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and I seized their weapons,

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gathering them in my hand.

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Then I said:

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By the One who honored the face of Muhammad,

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no one among you shall raise his head,

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or I will strike the one who has eyes in his head!'

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Then I brought them, driving them to the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him."

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He said:

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"And my uncle 'Amir came

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with a man from the 'Abalat tribe,

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called Mikraz,

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leading him to the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him,

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on a caparisoned horse,

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among seventy of the polytheists.

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The Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, looked at them

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and said:

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'Let them go,

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for they shall be the ones to begin the treachery and the ones to follow it up.'

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So the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, pardoned them."

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And Allah revealed:

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Al-Hafiz Ibn Kathir said in his Tafsir of the verse:

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"This is a favor from Allah upon His believing servants,

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when He withheld the hands of the polytheists from them,

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so that no harm reached them from them,

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and He withheld the hands of the believers from the polytheists,

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so they did not fight them near the Sacred Mosque.

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Rather, He protected both parties,

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and established between them a peace that contained goodness for the believers,

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and a favorable outcome for them in this world and the Hereafter."

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A Concise Summary

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of the Prophetic biography (Seerah).