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A summary of the concepts held by the Ahl al-Sunnah.

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Disturbed or confused thinking.

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It is a state of unstable thought.

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At times, one decides upon a certain matter,

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And at other times, one decides upon its contradiction.

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Thus, the person is confused in their thinking,

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Incapable of understanding or grasping the subject they are contemplating.

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Consequently,

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You find them unable to express the ideas circulating in their mind in a clear manner.

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Among the causes for this type of thinking

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Are superficiality and a lack of depth regarding the subject being considered.

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For one is content with the outward appearance of things,

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And does not penetrate to their true reality.

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Such a type of thinking

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Leads one to judge people by their outward appearance, their vehicles,

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Their wealth, and their speech,

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Without knowing their conduct or their dealings.

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Disturbed and confused thinking may appear temporarily during certain crises,

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Such as intense grief or distress,

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Or severe illness, extreme hunger, or intense anger.

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This disturbance dissipates once these unsettling factors are removed.

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It is for this reason that a judge is forbidden from issuing a verdict while angry,

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And it is forbidden to pray while experiencing extreme hunger,

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Or an urgent need to use the restroom.