A summary of the concepts held by the Ahl al-Sunnah.
Disturbed or confused thinking.
It is a state of unstable thought.
At times, one decides upon a certain matter,
And at other times, one decides upon its contradiction.
Thus, the person is confused in their thinking,
Incapable of understanding or grasping the subject they are contemplating.
Consequently,
You find them unable to express the ideas circulating in their mind in a clear manner.
Among the causes for this type of thinking
Are superficiality and a lack of depth regarding the subject being considered.
For one is content with the outward appearance of things,
And does not penetrate to their true reality.
Such a type of thinking
Leads one to judge people by their outward appearance, their vehicles,
Their wealth, and their speech,
Without knowing their conduct or their dealings.
Disturbed and confused thinking may appear temporarily during certain crises,
Such as intense grief or distress,
Or severe illness, extreme hunger, or intense anger.
This disturbance dissipates once these unsettling factors are removed.
It is for this reason that a judge is forbidden from issuing a verdict while angry,
And it is forbidden to pray while experiencing extreme hunger,
Or an urgent need to use the restroom.