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In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful.

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A summary of the book:

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Ramadan: Events and Lessons.

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The arrival of the Ottomans at the outskirts of the island of Rhodes,

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for the purpose of conquering it.

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The time was the month of Ramadan,

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in the year 928 AH.

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The location of the island of Rhodes:

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Rhodes is an island situated in the far east of the Mediterranean Sea,

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located 12 miles from the coast of Asia Minor.

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It is a Greek island in the Mediterranean Sea,

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lying near the southern coast of Turkey,

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halfway between the main Greek islands and Cyprus.

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It is approximately 18 kilometers from Turkey.

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It was annexed to the Ottoman Empire upon its conquest

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in the year 929 AH,

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and remained under the authority of the Ottoman Sultan

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until it was joined to Italy

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in the year 1918 AD,

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and then annexed to Greece

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in the year 1946 AD,

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after the Second World War.

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The importance of the island of Rhodes and the reasons for its conquest:

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The island of Rhodes was the fortified stronghold of the Knights of Saint John,

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the same knights who had been expelled from the Levant

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following the Crusades against it.

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Furthermore, they were under the authority of the Pope in Rome,

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and were known for their intense fanaticism and hatred toward Muslims.

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For a long period of time, they had been

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raiding Muslim ships bound for the Hijaz,

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killing the men, taking the children captive,

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violating the honor of the women,

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and plundering the wealth of the Muslims.

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They also used to waylay Turkish Muslim pilgrims,

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burn Muslim ships,

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and exploit their impregnable fortresses on the island,

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feeling secure in the knowledge that the Muslims could not reach them,

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in addition to their aggressive actions directed at Ottoman maritime communication lines.

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The first and last conquest of the island:

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The conquest of this island during the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent

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was not its first conquest,

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but rather its final one.

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As for the first conquest of this island,

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it took place in the year 53 AH

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at the hands of Junadah Ibn Abi Umayyah.

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A group of Muslims settled there,

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and they were the most formidable force against the disbelievers.

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They remained in a state of high alert against the Franks,

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spending their nights in a great fortress nearby,

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which contained their supplies, livestock, and provisions.

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They had lookouts stationed by the sea

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to warn them if an enemy approached or plotted against them.

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In the year 708 AH,

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the Byzantines managed to seize the island

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during the reign of Sultan Khalil Ibn Qalawun,

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the Sultan of Egypt.

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The Byzantine knights joined forces with the knights of Rhodes

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to raid the Muslim coasts in Asia and Egypt,

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and these raids became notorious for acts of piracy.

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From the fifteenth century AD onwards,

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attempts to conquer Rhodes continued

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by the Mamluk Sultans in Egypt,

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at a time when Rhodes had become

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an important base for the gathering of Crusader fleets

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that attacked Muslims in Egypt, the Levant, and Turkey.

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Then came an attempt by Mehmed the Conqueror to take it,

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but that did not come to pass

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until it was finally conquered during the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent.

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Factors that assisted Suleiman the Magnificent in conquering the island:

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The island remained in the hands of those knights,

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who posed a maritime threat to the Muslims,

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until the opportunity arose during the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent to conquer it.

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Along with the strong resolve and extensive preparations

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that the Ottoman Sultan Suleiman possessed,

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there were external factors

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that helped in achieving the desired goal.

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Among those contributing factors were:

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First, Europe’s preoccupation with the Great War

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between Charles V,

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Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire,

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(Spain and Germany),

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and Francis, King of France.

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Second, the preoccupation of Pope Leo X

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with debating and resisting the German monk Luther,

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the founder of the Protestant sect.

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Third, the internal instability of Hungary

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due to the lack of consensus among its princes and nobles,

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and the young age of its king, Louis II.

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Fourth, the conclusion of a peace treaty between the Ottoman Empire and Venice.

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Fifth, the growth of the Ottoman navy

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during the reign of Selim I.

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The road to Rhodes:

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The Ottoman Sultan prepared

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a massive military campaign

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under the command of Mustafa Pasha,

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consisting of seven hundred ships,

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and equipped them with giant cannons.

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When they arrived,

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the island resisted them,

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so Suleiman the Magnificent set out himself in its wake.

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His journey there began on the twentieth of Rajab,

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in the year 928 AH.

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His arrival at Rhodes and his landing there

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took place in the month of Ramadan of the aforementioned year.

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The Sultan traveled by land

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to the Marmara region,

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opposite the island from the side of Asia.

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Siege cannons, provisions, and ammunition

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were sent by land.

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Upon his arrival,

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the siege began with extreme intensity.

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The tightening of the siege

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and the attempt to conquer the island by force:

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The total siege of the island began,

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as they surrounded it by land and sea.

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Those on land were unable

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to approach the wall of its fortress

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due to the great trench surrounding it,

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which was defended by massive cannons.

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Those at sea were unable to approach

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and enter the harbor

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because of the chain stretched

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across the sea,

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and the fire directed at anyone approaching it

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from large cannons.

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They were striking the Muslims with their cannons,

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while the Muslims' cannons could not reach them.

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Even if something did reach them,

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it would not penetrate the wall

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due to its thickness and height.

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So the land troops delayed slightly,

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and ordered earth to be brought.

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They brought it until it became like mountains,

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and they took cover behind these earthworks.

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They began moving those barricades forward

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little by little,

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until the earth reached the trench.

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They threw it in,

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and it filled up, coming close to the fortress wall

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and rising above it.

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The wicked disbelievers were now beneath the Muslims,

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being struck while unable to strike back,

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the opposite of their previous situation.

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The Muslims fired upon them with cannon fire

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until they were exhausted and weakened,

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and realized they were captured.

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They requested safe passage from Sultan Suleiman,

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and surrendered the land to him

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on the condition that they take their women, children, and wealth,

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and head wherever they wished,

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and that none of the soldiers would molest them.

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The Sultan granted their request.

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It is worth noting

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that those who were on the island

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had defended it with great desperation,

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and fought for it like heroes,

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especially the monks.

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It is said that the women helped

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the men in the defense by throwing stones

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at the besiegers,

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and pouring hot oil on their heads.

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But all of that was of no avail

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against the Ottoman cannons,

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some pieces of which still exist today,

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and the viewer is overwhelmed by their sheer size.

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But when all strategies failed

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the head of this order,

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whose name was Philippe Villiers de L'Isle-Adam,

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of French origin,

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and his provisions and ammunition ran out,

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he sent two of his monks to the Sultan

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on the second of Safar,

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in the year 929 AH,

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asking him for permission

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to evacuate the island

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within a period of 12 days,

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on the condition that the Ottoman armies move away

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from the besieged city

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a distance of one mile from all sides,

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so that no harm would come to the besieged

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upon their departure.

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The Sultan accepted that.

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A siege of six continuous months,

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despite the poor weather conditions,

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as rain was falling heavily.

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Nevertheless, those

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Ottoman soldiers remained steadfast with great resolve.

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The results of the conquest:

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First, the conquest of this island

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and the entry of the Muslims into it after great hardship

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and long years

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of the harm its people had caused the Muslims,

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and the attempts at conquest that had ended

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in failure every time,

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unlike this time.

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Second, the Sultan ordered the construction of a great fortress

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on this island,

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and left behind those among the Muslims who would defend

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Regarding the island and the maritime routes connected to it.

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Third:

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The Islamization of this island after its conquest.

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It served as a base from which they launched

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expeditions to conquer many other islands,

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and subsequently, to seize the capital

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of the Byzantines.

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Imprinting the island with an Islamic character,

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and teaching the people there the matters of their religion.

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Fifth:

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The event of the island's conquest was a bitter one.

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Third:

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Permitting those who were on the island,

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from the Knights of Saint John,

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to depart from it to Malta,

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along with their men, women, and children,

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as well as their provisions and equipment.

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This was a grave historical error

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committed by Suleiman the Magnificent,

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due to the consequences that followed,

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the dire consequences.

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Mahmud Maqdish said:

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They requested safety from Sultan Suleiman,

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and surrendered the territory to him,

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on the condition that they take their women, children,

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and wealth, and head wherever they wished,

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and that none of the soldiers would interfere with them.

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The Sultan granted their request,

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even though his ministers had warned him against granting them safety,

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because they were a formidable force of disbelief,

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and because if they escaped with these treasures,

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they would be able to strengthen themselves with them,

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and gather armies of Christians, the enemies of the faith,

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and return to harm the Muslims.

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Yet the Sultan did not heed their warnings,

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and granted them safety.

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They departed with all their wealth and families,

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and everything they held dear, and set off.

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Then they returned to harm the Muslims,

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and began raiding the roads just as they used to do in Rhodes.

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Sultan Suleiman regretted

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having granted them safety,

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and sent a great fleet against them,

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and many soldiers to capture them

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and eradicate them late in his life,

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under the command of the vizier Mustafa Pasha.

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However, a disagreement occurred between him and the admiral,

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which led to a dispute, and they failed,

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just as Allah had warned would happen.

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“And obey Allah and His messenger, and dispute not one with another lest ye falter and your strength depart from you; but be steadfast! Lo! Allah is with the steadfast.” (8:46)

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They returned without achieving their goal,

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due to a matter Allah had willed.

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People to this day—meaning in the author's era—

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are still defending against their harm

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and enduring their terrors,

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especially the people of Sfax,

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because they are engaged in intense warfare with them,

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with fighting and killing occurring on both sides,

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for war is a seesaw.

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Perhaps there is goodness in that, and more goodness,

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because practicing the war against the enemy

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breeds courage and vigor,

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unlike growing up in peace and comfort,

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which causes weakness in character

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and cowardice in the soul.

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Allah chooses for His servant

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what he would not choose for himself,

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and in it are the greatest benefits,

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which is the persistence in raiding, jihad, and guarding the frontiers,

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and returning with one of the two best outcomes:

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wealth or martyrdom,

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and the reward is attained in any case.

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In this event, there are lessons:

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First: The importance of securing the Muslims' routes

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and protecting them from every threat,

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in order to preserve lives and wealth,

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and to facilitate the means of travel

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for religious and worldly interests without fear.

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Second:

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The enemy of Islam who fights its people

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cannot be deterred from his evil except by force,

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and without it, he will commit whatever corruption he desires.

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Suleiman the Magnificent had begun

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at the start of the conquest of this island [well],

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but he was lenient at the end of it,

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and that leniency led to widespread corruption,

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as became clear.

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Had he remained as he was at first,

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and dealt with the enemies of Islam

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as Salah al-Din al-Ayyubi used to deal with them,

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that evil would not have occurred.

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Third: Ideological disbelievers

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display a level of stubbornness and hatred

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that other disbelievers do not display.

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Fourth:

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Developing military power, both in equipment and strategy,

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is among the essential tasks that honor the Muslims

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and repel evil from them.

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Fifth: Patience and steadfastness

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are the path to achieving goals.

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Ramadan: Events and Lessons.