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In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful.

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Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah.

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A Concise Summary of the Prophetic biography (Seerah).

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Authored by Sheikh Musa bin Rashid al-Azimi.

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May Allah preserve him.

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The fifth year after the Hijrah.

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The Battle of the Trench (al-Khandaq).

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Or the Battle of the Confederates (al-Ahzab).

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It took place in Shawwal of the fifth year after the Hijrah.

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The cause of this battle.

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The cause of this battle was:

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A group of the leaders of the Jewish tribe of Banu al-Nadir,

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whom the Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him, had expelled from Medina,

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and who had settled in Khaybar.

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Among them were Sallam bin Abi al-Huqayq al-Nadiri,

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Huyayy bin Akhtab,

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Kinanah bin Abi al-Huqayq al-Nadiri,

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Sallam bin Mishkam,

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and Kinanah bin al-Rabi'.

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They went out to Mecca and met with the leaders of Quraysh.

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They incited them to wage war against the Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him,

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and promised them their own support and assistance.

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They agreed to this.

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Then they went out to the tribe of Ghatafan,

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and they also responded to them.

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Quraysh marched out with their allies and those who followed them.

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The tribe of Banu Sulaym met them at Marr al-Zahran.

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The tribes of Banu Asad and Fazarah also marched out,

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as did Ashja' and Banu Murrah.

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The size of the Confederates' army and their departure.

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Ten thousand of the Confederates gathered,

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and their commander was Abu Sufyan Sakhr bin Harb.

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They headed toward the Prophetic city of Medina,

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without a pre-arranged time they had agreed upon.

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The Prophet, peace be upon him, consults his Companions.

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And the digging of the trench.

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When the Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him, heard

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of their march toward Medina,

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he consulted his Companions, may Allah be pleased with them.

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Salman al-Farisi, may Allah be pleased with him, suggested it,

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and the Battle of the Trench was his first witness to the Prophet, may Allah be pleased with him.

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He suggested to the Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him, that they dig a trench

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to stand between the Confederates and the Prophetic city.

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The Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him, ordered it,

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and the Muslims hastened to do so.

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The Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him, worked on it himself.

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Al-Hafiz Ibn Kathir said:

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"There were manifest signs during its digging, the explanation of which would be lengthy,

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and proofs of prophethood whose reports have been transmitted successively."

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Imam al-Bukhari narrated in his Sahih

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from Anas, may Allah be pleased with him, who said:

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The Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him, went out to the trench,

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and the Emigrants (Muhajirun) and the Ansar were digging on a cold morning.

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They had no slaves to do that work for them.

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When he saw the exhaustion and hunger they were suffering, he said:

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"O Allah, there is no life but the life of the Hereafter,

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so forgive the Ansar and the Emigrants."

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They replied to him:

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"We are those who have pledged allegiance to Muhammad

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to strive in Jihad as long as we live."

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The two Sheikhs (al-Bukhari and Muslim) narrated in their Sahihs

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from al-Bara' bin 'Azib, may Allah be pleased with him, who said:

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On the day of the Confederates,

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when the Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him, was digging the trench,

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I saw him carrying the earth of the trench

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until the dust covered the skin of his abdomen.

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He was a man with much hair.

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I heard him reciting the verses of Ibn Rawahah

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while he was carrying the earth,

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saying:

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"O Allah, had it not been for You, we would not have been guided,

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nor would we have given charity, nor would we have prayed.

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So send down tranquility upon us,

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and make our feet firm if we meet the enemy.

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Indeed, those who have transgressed against us,

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if they desire sedition, we refuse it."

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Imam al-Qurtubi said:

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The Muslims worked diligently on the trench,

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while the hypocrites hung back

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and began to slip away secretly.

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So verses of the Qur'an were revealed concerning them,

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which Ibn Ishaq and others have mentioned.

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Whoever among the Muslims finished his portion

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would return to help others

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until the trench was completed.

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It contained clear signs and proofs of prophethood.

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The intensity of the hunger and cold that afflicted them.

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The Companions, may Allah be pleased with them, continued digging the trench,

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and they endured, while digging,

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extreme hunger and severe hardship.

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Imam Ahmad narrated in his Musnad with a sound chain of transmission

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from Jabir bin 'Abdullah, may Allah be pleased with them both, who said:

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When the Prophet, peace be upon him,

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and his Companions dug the trench,

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they suffered severe hardship,

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to the point that the Prophet, peace be upon him, tied

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a stone against his stomach due to hunger.

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Imam al-Bukhari narrated in his Sahih

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from Jabir bin 'Abdullah, may Allah be pleased with them both, who said:

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We were digging on the day of the Trench

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when a hard rock appeared,

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meaning a thick, solid piece,

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upon which the pickaxe would have no effect.

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The Prophet, peace be upon him, came,

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and they said:

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"This is a rock that has appeared in the trench."

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He said:

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"I am coming down."

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Then he stood up, his stomach bound with a stone,

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and we had stayed three days without tasting any food.

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The Prophet, peace be upon him, took the pickaxe

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and struck the rock,

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and it turned into a heap of shifting sand,

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meaning flowing sand.

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Imam Ibn Jarir al-Tabari narrated in his Tafsir with a sound chain of transmission

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from 'Abdullah bin 'Umar, may Allah be pleased with them both, who said:

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My maternal uncle, 'Uthman bin Maz'un, sent me on the night of the Trench,

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in severe cold and wind, to the city,

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and he said:

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"Bring us some food and a blanket."

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He said:

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I asked the Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him, for permission,

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and he granted it to me.