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In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful.

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Treasures of the Prophetic Biography.

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The Treaty of Hudaybiyyah.

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The sixth year of the Hijrah.

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When the Ahabish returned,

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a man from Quraysh stood up,

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named Mikraz ibn Hafs,

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and said, "Let me go to him."

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This demonstrates to us that Quraysh was fearful of war,

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and every so often they would send a man.

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"He has made your affair easy for you."

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This falls under taking good omens from good names.

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The Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) based the ease of the matter on two premises:

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the first was what he knew of Suhayl,

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and the second was the name "Suhayl," which is derived from ease (*suhulah*).

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Suhayl arrived and said to the Prophet (peace be upon him),

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"Come, write a treaty between us and you."

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So the Prophet (peace be upon him) called for the scribe,

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who was 'Ali ibn Abi Talib.

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He said, "Write: In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful."

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Suhayl said, "As for 'the Most Gracious' (*Ar-Rahman*), I do not know what it is.

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Rather, write: 'In Your name, O Allah,' as you used to write."

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In some narrations, he said, "Write as your forefathers used to write."

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In some chains of transmission for this hadith,

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'Ali wrote: "In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful."

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Suhayl said, "Erase it!" The Muslims exclaimed,

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"By Allah, we will write nothing except: In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful!"

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But the Prophet (peace be upon him) said,

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"Write: In Your name, O Allah."

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Then the Prophet (peace be upon him) said,

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"This is what Muhammad, the Messenger of Allah, has agreed upon."

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Suhayl said,

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"By Allah, if we knew that you were the Messenger of Allah, we would not have turned you away from the House, nor fought you.

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Rather, write: Muhammad ibn 'Abdillah."

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The Prophet (peace be upon him) said,

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"By Allah, I am indeed the Messenger of Allah, even if you disbelieve me.

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Write: Muhammad ibn 'Abdillah."

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'Ali ibn Abi Talib said,

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"I will not erase it."

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The Prophet (peace be upon him) said,

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"Erase it."

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He said,

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"I will not erase it."

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This was out of veneration for the Prophet's name (peace be upon him).

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In some narrations,

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the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) said,

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"Place my hand upon it,"

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and he erased it himself,

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because he could not read.

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Then the Prophet (peace be upon him) said,

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"On the condition that you leave us unhindered to access the House so that we may perform Tawaf around it."

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Suhayl replied,

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"By Allah, the Arabs shall never say that we were coerced into submission!

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Rather, that shall be for the coming year."

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He also said,

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"And on the condition that no man comes to you from us—even if he is upon your religion—

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except that you return him to us."

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The Muslims said,

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"Glory be to Allah!

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How can he be returned to the polytheists when he has come as a Muslim?"

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While they were in this state,

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Abu Jandal ibn Suhayl ibn 'Amr suddenly arrived,

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stumbling in his fetters, having accepted Islam.

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His father had bound him in his house.

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When his father saw him throw himself among the Muslims,

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Suhayl said,

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"This, O Muhammad, is the first person I hold you to, to return him to me."

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The Prophet (peace be upon him) said,

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"We have not finalized the written treaty yet."

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Suhayl said,

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"By Allah, then I will never agree to a treaty with you on anything at all!"

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The Prophet (peace be upon him) said,

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"Then grant him to me as an exception."

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Suhayl said,

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"I will not grant him to you."

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The Prophet (peace be upon him) said,

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"Nay, do so."

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Suhayl said,

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"I shall not."

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Mikraz said,

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"Nay, we grant him to you!"

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Abu Jandal cried out,

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"O assembly of Muslims!

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Am I to be returned to the polytheists when I have come as a Muslim?!"

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'Umar said,

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"I went to the Prophet of Allah (peace be upon him) and said,

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'Are you not truly the Prophet of Allah?'

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The Prophet (peace be upon him) said to him,

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'Indeed I am.'

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I said,

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'Are we not upon the truth and our enemy upon falsehood?'

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He said, 'Indeed.'

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I said,

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'Why then should we yield to disgrace regarding our religion?'

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The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) replied,

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'I am the Messenger of Allah,

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I will not disobey Him, and He is my Helper.'

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I said,

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'Did you not use to tell us that we would come to the House and perform Tawaf around it?'

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He said, 'Indeed,

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but did I inform you that we would come to it *this* year?'

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'Umar said,

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'No.'

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The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) said,

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'You shall surely come to it and perform Tawaf around it.'

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'Umar said,

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'So I went to Abu Bakr

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and said: O Abu Bakr,

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is this not truly the Prophet of Allah?'

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He said, 'Indeed.'

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I said,

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'Are we not upon the truth and our enemy upon falsehood?'

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He said, 'Indeed.'

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I said,

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'Why then should we yield to disgrace regarding our religion?'

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Abu Bakr said,

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'O man!

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He is indeed the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him),

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he will not disobey his Lord, and He is his Helper.

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So hold fast to his stirrup,

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for by Allah, he is upon the truth.'

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This demonstrates to us the exceptional wisdom of Abu Bakr as-Siddiq (may Allah be pleased with him).

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'Umar said,

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'Did he not use to tell us that we would come to the House and perform Tawaf around it?'

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Abu Bakr said,

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'Indeed,

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but did he inform you that you would come to it *this* year?'

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I said, 'No.'

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He said,

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'You shall surely come to it and perform Tawaf around it.'

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'Umar said,

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'So I performed good deeds as an expiation for that outburst,

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continuing to fast and give charity ever since.'"

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When he finished concluding the written treaty,

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the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) said to his Companions,

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"Stand up, slaughter your sacrifices, and shave your heads."

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This is known in Islamic jurisprudence (*fiqh*) as being prevented (*Ihsar*).

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When a person is prevented,

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they offer the sacrificial animal they have with them

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and exit their state of Ihram.

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This applies to whoever has brought a sacrificial animal with them,

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as Allah Almighty says:

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﴿And complete the Hajj and 'Umrah for Allah. But if you are prevented, then [offer] whatever sacrificial animal is easy to obtain...﴾ [Al-Baqarah: 196]

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“Perform the pilgrimage and the visit (to Makka) for Allah. And if ye are prevented, then send such gifts as can be obtained with ease, and shave not your heads until the gifts have reached their destination. And whoever among you is sick or hath an ailment of the head must pay a ransom of fasting or almsgiving or offering. And if ye are in safety, then whosoever contenteth himself with the visit for the pilgrimage (shall give) such gifts as can be had with ease. And whosoever cannot find (such gifts), then a fast of three days while on the pilgrimage, and of seven when ye have returned; that is, ten in all. That is for him whoso folk are not present at the Inviolable Place of Worship. Observe your duty to Allah, and know that Allah is severe in punishment.” (2:196)

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“Perform the pilgrimage and the visit (to Makka) for Allah. And if ye are prevented, then send such gifts as can be obtained with ease, and shave not your heads until the gifts have reached their destination. And whoever among you is sick or hath an ailment of the head must pay a ransom of fasting or almsgiving or offering. And if ye are in safety, then whosoever contenteth himself with the visit for the pilgrimage (shall give) such gifts as can be had with ease. And whosoever cannot find (such gifts), then a fast of three days while on the pilgrimage, and of seven when ye have returned; that is, ten in all. That is for him whoso folk are not present at the Inviolable Place of Worship. Observe your duty to Allah, and know that Allah is severe in punishment.” (2:196)

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“Perform the pilgrimage and the visit (to Makka) for Allah. And if ye are prevented, then send such gifts as can be obtained with ease, and shave not your heads until the gifts have reached their destination. And whoever among you is sick or hath an ailment of the head must pay a ransom of fasting or almsgiving or offering. And if ye are in safety, then whosoever contenteth himself with the visit for the pilgrimage (shall give) such gifts as can be had with ease. And whosoever cannot find (such gifts), then a fast of three days while on the pilgrimage, and of seven when ye have returned; that is, ten in all. That is for him whoso folk are not present at the Inviolable Place of Worship. Observe your duty to Allah, and know that Allah is severe in punishment.” (2:196)

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﴿...a ransom of fasting or charity or sacrifice...﴾ [Al-Baqarah: 196]

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“Perform the pilgrimage and the visit (to Makka) for Allah. And if ye are prevented, then send such gifts as can be obtained with ease, and shave not your heads until the gifts have reached their destination. And whoever among you is sick or hath an ailment of the head must pay a ransom of fasting or almsgiving or offering. And if ye are in safety, then whosoever contenteth himself with the visit for the pilgrimage (shall give) such gifts as can be had with ease. And whosoever cannot find (such gifts), then a fast of three days while on the pilgrimage, and of seven when ye have returned; that is, ten in all. That is for him whoso folk are not present at the Inviolable Place of Worship. Observe your duty to Allah, and know that Allah is severe in punishment.” (2:196)

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“Perform the pilgrimage and the visit (to Makka) for Allah. And if ye are prevented, then send such gifts as can be obtained with ease, and shave not your heads until the gifts have reached their destination. And whoever among you is sick or hath an ailment of the head must pay a ransom of fasting or almsgiving or offering. And if ye are in safety, then whosoever contenteth himself with the visit for the pilgrimage (shall give) such gifts as can be had with ease. And whosoever cannot find (such gifts), then a fast of three days while on the pilgrimage, and of seven when ye have returned; that is, ten in all. That is for him whoso folk are not present at the Inviolable Place of Worship. Observe your duty to Allah, and know that Allah is severe in punishment.” (2:196)

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“Perform the pilgrimage and the visit (to Makka) for Allah. And if ye are prevented, then send such gifts as can be obtained with ease, and shave not your heads until the gifts have reached their destination. And whoever among you is sick or hath an ailment of the head must pay a ransom of fasting or almsgiving or offering. And if ye are in safety, then whosoever contenteth himself with the visit for the pilgrimage (shall give) such gifts as can be had with ease. And whosoever cannot find (such gifts), then a fast of three days while on the pilgrimage, and of seven when ye have returned; that is, ten in all. That is for him whoso folk are not present at the Inviolable Place of Worship. Observe your duty to Allah, and know that Allah is severe in punishment.” (2:196)

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﴿...and seven when you return.﴾ [Al-Baqarah: 196]

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﴿That is ten complete [days].﴾ [Al-Baqarah: 196]

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“Perform the pilgrimage and the visit (to Makka) for Allah. And if ye are prevented, then send such gifts as can be obtained with ease, and shave not your heads until the gifts have reached their destination. And whoever among you is sick or hath an ailment of the head must pay a ransom of fasting or almsgiving or offering. And if ye are in safety, then whosoever contenteth himself with the visit for the pilgrimage (shall give) such gifts as can be had with ease. And whosoever cannot find (such gifts), then a fast of three days while on the pilgrimage, and of seven when ye have returned; that is, ten in all. That is for him whoso folk are not present at the Inviolable Place of Worship. Observe your duty to Allah, and know that Allah is severe in punishment.” (2:196)

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﴿And fear Allah and know that Allah is severe in penalty.﴾ [Al-Baqarah: 196]

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By Allah, not a single man among them stood up,

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even though he repeated it three times.

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When none of them stood up,

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he entered upon Umm Salamah

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and mentioned to her what he had encountered from the people.

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She said, "O Prophet of Allah, would you like that?

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Go out and do not speak a single word to any of them

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until you slaughter your sacrificial camel,

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and call your barber to shave your head."

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The Prophet (peace be upon him) went out

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and did not speak to anyone among them until he had done so.

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When they saw that,

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they stood up, slaughtered their sacrifices,

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and began shaving one another's heads,

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to the point that they almost killed one another out of grief.

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We see here that the Prophet (peace be upon him) commanded the Companions,

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yet they did not carry it out.

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Is this considered disobedience?

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We say:

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They did not execute the command of the Prophet (peace be upon him),

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but why did they not execute his command?

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They were hoping that Allah, Blessed and Exalted, would send down His command to enter Mecca,

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or that the Prophet (peace be upon him) would change his mind

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and resolve to enter,

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because they were yearning to enter Mecca.

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However, Umm Salamah (may Allah be pleased with her) possessed great wisdom,

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and she understood that the Companions (may Allah be pleased with them)

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had only hesitated due to these two reasons.

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So she advised him to slaughter and shave his head,

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and then observe what their reaction would be.

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He (peace be upon him) accepted her advice,

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so he slaughtered his sacrifice and shaved his head.

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When the Companions saw that,

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they slaughtered and shaved their heads without needing a further command.

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Then believing women came fleeing,

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so Allah, Blessed and Exalted, revealed:

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“O ye who believe! When believing women come unto you as fugitives, examine them. Allah is Best Aware of their faith. Then, if ye know them for true believers, send them not back unto the disbelievers. They are not lawful for them (the disbelievers), nor are they (the disbelievers) lawful for them. And give them (the disbelievers) that which they have spent (upon them). And it is no sin for you to marry such women when ye have given them their dues. And hold not to the ties of disbelieving women; and ask for (the return of) that which ye have spent; and let them (the disbelievers) ask for that which they have spent. That is the judgment of Allah. He judgeth between you. Allah is Knower, Wise.” (60:10)

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﴿Allah is most knowing as to their faith...﴾ [Al-Mumtahanah: 10]

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“O ye who believe! When believing women come unto you as fugitives, examine them. Allah is Best Aware of their faith. Then, if ye know them for true believers, send them not back unto the disbelievers. They are not lawful for them (the disbelievers), nor are they (the disbelievers) lawful for them. And give them (the disbelievers) that which they have spent (upon them). And it is no sin for you to marry such women when ye have given them their dues. And hold not to the ties of disbelieving women; and ask for (the return of) that which ye have spent; and let them (the disbelievers) ask for that which they have spent. That is the judgment of Allah. He judgeth between you. Allah is Knower, Wise.” (60:10)

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“O ye who believe! When believing women come unto you as fugitives, examine them. Allah is Best Aware of their faith. Then, if ye know them for true believers, send them not back unto the disbelievers. They are not lawful for them (the disbelievers), nor are they (the disbelievers) lawful for them. And give them (the disbelievers) that which they have spent (upon them). And it is no sin for you to marry such women when ye have given them their dues. And hold not to the ties of disbelieving women; and ask for (the return of) that which ye have spent; and let them (the disbelievers) ask for that which they have spent. That is the judgment of Allah. He judgeth between you. Allah is Knower, Wise.” (60:10)

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﴿...and give their disbelieving husbands what they have spent.﴾ [Al-Mumtahanah: 10]

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“O ye who believe! When believing women come unto you as fugitives, examine them. Allah is Best Aware of their faith. Then, if ye know them for true believers, send them not back unto the disbelievers. They are not lawful for them (the disbelievers), nor are they (the disbelievers) lawful for them. And give them (the disbelievers) that which they have spent (upon them). And it is no sin for you to marry such women when ye have given them their dues. And hold not to the ties of disbelieving women; and ask for (the return of) that which ye have spent; and let them (the disbelievers) ask for that which they have spent. That is the judgment of Allah. He judgeth between you. Allah is Knower, Wise.” (60:10)

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“O ye who believe! When believing women come unto you as fugitives, examine them. Allah is Best Aware of their faith. Then, if ye know them for true believers, send them not back unto the disbelievers. They are not lawful for them (the disbelievers), nor are they (the disbelievers) lawful for them. And give them (the disbelievers) that which they have spent (upon them). And it is no sin for you to marry such women when ye have given them their dues. And hold not to the ties of disbelieving women; and ask for (the return of) that which ye have spent; and let them (the disbelievers) ask for that which they have spent. That is the judgment of Allah. He judgeth between you. Allah is Knower, Wise.” (60:10)

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﴿And ask for what you have spent, and let them ask for what they have spent.﴾ [Al-Mumtahanah: 10]

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“O ye who believe! When believing women come unto you as fugitives, examine them. Allah is Best Aware of their faith. Then, if ye know them for true believers, send them not back unto the disbelievers. They are not lawful for them (the disbelievers), nor are they (the disbelievers) lawful for them. And give them (the disbelievers) that which they have spent (upon them). And it is no sin for you to marry such women when ye have given them their dues. And hold not to the ties of disbelieving women; and ask for (the return of) that which ye have spent; and let them (the disbelievers) ask for that which they have spent. That is the judgment of Allah. He judgeth between you. Allah is Knower, Wise.” (60:10)

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﴿And Allah is Knowing and Wise.﴾ [Al-Mumtahanah: 10]

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And His saying:

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﴿...and give them what they have spent...﴾

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means: from the dowry (*mahr*),

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“O ye who believe! When believing women come unto you as fugitives, examine them. Allah is Best Aware of their faith. Then, if ye know them for true believers, send them not back unto the disbelievers. They are not lawful for them (the disbelievers), nor are they (the disbelievers) lawful for them. And give them (the disbelievers) that which they have spent (upon them). And it is no sin for you to marry such women when ye have given them their dues. And hold not to the ties of disbelieving women; and ask for (the return of) that which ye have spent; and let them (the disbelievers) ask for that which they have spent. That is the judgment of Allah. He judgeth between you. Allah is Knower, Wise.” (60:10)

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meaning after the annulment of the marriage contract and the completion of the waiting period (*'iddah*):

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﴿...when you give them their due compensation...﴾

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meaning the dowry.

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Then Almighty Allah said:

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“O ye who believe! When believing women come unto you as fugitives, examine them. Allah is Best Aware of their faith. Then, if ye know them for true believers, send them not back unto the disbelievers. They are not lawful for them (the disbelievers), nor are they (the disbelievers) lawful for them. And give them (the disbelievers) that which they have spent (upon them). And it is no sin for you to marry such women when ye have given them their dues. And hold not to the ties of disbelieving women; and ask for (the return of) that which ye have spent; and let them (the disbelievers) ask for that which they have spent. That is the judgment of Allah. He judgeth between you. Allah is Knower, Wise.” (60:10)

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﴿...and do not hold to marriage bonds with disbelieving women...﴾ [Al-Mumtahanah: 10] meaning: do not keep disbelieving women under your marital protection,

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just as a believing woman is not permitted to live with a disbeliever.

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Then Almighty Allah said:

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﴿And ask for what you have spent,﴾

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That is, just as you reimburse them for what they spent,

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likewise, you may demand back what you spent from the disbelieving women whose marriage ties you dissolve,

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and let them demand back what they spent.

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“O ye who believe! When believing women come unto you as fugitives, examine them. Allah is Best Aware of their faith. Then, if ye know them for true believers, send them not back unto the disbelievers. They are not lawful for them (the disbelievers), nor are they (the disbelievers) lawful for them. And give them (the disbelievers) that which they have spent (upon them). And it is no sin for you to marry such women when ye have given them their dues. And hold not to the ties of disbelieving women; and ask for (the return of) that which ye have spent; and let them (the disbelievers) ask for that which they have spent. That is the judgment of Allah. He judgeth between you. Allah is Knower, Wise.” (60:10)

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And Allah is All-Knowing, All-Wise.

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On that day, 'Umar divorced two wives he had married during the period of polytheism;

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Mu'awiyah Ibn Abi Sufyan married one of them,

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and Safwan Ibn Umayyah married the other.

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After the Treaty of al-Hudaybiyyah,

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Surat al-Fath was revealed in its entirety,

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and the scholars refer to the Treaty of al-Hudaybiyyah as a victory.

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Treasures of the Seerah:

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Terms of the Treaty of al-Hudaybiyyah:

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First:

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That the Muslims must return that year

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and not enter Mecca.

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Second:

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That the Prophet, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, and those with him

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shall perform 'Umrah the following year at the same time,

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remaining in Mecca for only three days.

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Third:

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They shall not enter Mecca except with the arms of a traveler—

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swords in their sheaths only.

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Fourth:

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Whoever comes to the Prophet, peace be upon him, from the Quraysh without the permission of his guardian,

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he must return him to them if they demand him;

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but whoever among the Muslims comes to the Quraysh,

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they shall not return him to the Muslims.

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Fifth:

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Whoever wishes to enter into a pact and treaty with the Prophet, peace be upon him,

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may do so and will share in his conditions;

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and whoever wishes to enter into a pact and treaty with the Quraysh

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may do so and will share in their conditions.

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Thus, Banu Bakr aligned themselves with the Quraysh,

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while Khuza'ah aligned themselves with the Prophet, peace be upon him.

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Sixth:

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That between the Prophet, peace be upon him, and Mecca there shall be an intact, covered chest—

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meaning a binding pact of mutual security.

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Seventh:

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That there shall be no secret hostility nor treachery.

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The meaning of the sixth and seventh conditions

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is that between us and them in this treaty,

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there is a shared commitment to honor what is in the document,

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free from malice, treachery, and deception.

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Eighth:

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War between them shall be suspended for ten years.

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Treasures of the Seerah:

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The divine wisdoms contained within the truce:

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This truce appeared on its surface to be unfavorable to the Prophet, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, and those with him;

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however, that was not the reality.

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Ibn al-Qayyim, may Allah have mercy on him, stated regarding some of the divine wisdoms contained in this truce:

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"They are greater and more magnificent than can be encompassed by any save Allah, the Exalted and Majestic, Who decreed its causes,

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and the ultimate outcome transpired in the exact manner dictated by His wisdom, Glorified and Exalted is He.

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Among them:

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It served as a prelude to the Supreme Victory,

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through which Allah granted glory to His Messenger and His army,

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and by which people entered the religion of Allah in crowds.

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Thus, this truce was its portal, its key, and its harbinger.

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Among them:

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This truce was itself one of the greatest victories,

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for people felt secure with one another,

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Muslims mingled freely with the disbelievers,

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initiated the call to Islam among them,

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recited the Qur'an to them,

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and openly debated them on Islam in safety.

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Those who had kept their Islam concealed were able to manifest it,

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and whomever Allah willed to enter Islam did so during the period of the truce.

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Among the most prominent figures who embraced Islam during this period

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were Khalid Ibn al-Walid,

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'Amr Ibn al-'As,

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and other Companions.

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Among them:

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What Allah, Glorified and Exalted is He, granted the believers

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of an increase in faith,

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submission, and compliance in matters they liked and disliked,

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as well as the contentment they achieved regarding Allah's decree, Blessed and Exalted is He,

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and their affirmation of His promise.

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Among them:

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That the Prophet, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him,

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was able to devote himself fully to calling people to the religion of Allah, Blessed and Exalted is He.

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He, peace be upon him, began sending his emissaries:

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he sent messages to Heraclius, the Roman Emperor,

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to the Negus, to the Muqawqis,

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and to other leaders of various tribes,

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calling them all to Islam."