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A summary of the concepts held by the Ahl al-Sunnah.

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The meaning of deception is broad and not restricted.

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Deception is not limited to sales and commerce.

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Even though that is its most famous manifestation.

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For the Messenger, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him,

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when he reached his hand into a pile of food at the market

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and found it to be wet,

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he said to the seller:

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"Whoever deceives is not one of me."

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Narrated by Muslim.

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He used the term deception in a general sense,

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without restricting it to sales,

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nor limiting it to that sphere.

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It is the same Prophet, peace be upon him, who said:

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"There is no ruler who governs the subjects of the Muslims,

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and dies while he is deceiving them,

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but that Allah will forbid Paradise to him."

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Agreed upon.

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The deception of a ruler toward his subjects

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is not in sales and commerce;

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rather, it is by failing to offer them sincere counsel,

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and failing to look after them and uphold their interests in all their affairs,

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both religious and worldly alike.

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Among this is ruling by other than what Allah has revealed,

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which is one of the greatest forms of deception,

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because it is deception regarding sincere counsel and the religion.

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Also included is leaving the innovator to his innovation,

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and the misguided to his misguidance,

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and the failure of scholars to offer sincere counsel to sultans and leaders,

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just as sultans fail to offer sincere counsel to their subjects.