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A summary of the concepts held by the Ahl al-Sunnah.

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Shirk (associating partners with Allah) occurs within the fundamental pillars of worship, when understood in its comprehensive sense.

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This includes drawing near to, directing oneself toward, performing rituals for, obeying, following, and legislating for others.

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It also encompasses love, loyalty, and support.

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Among the shirk of drawing near and performing rituals is what the people of Nuh, peace be upon him, did.

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This involved the worship of statues that were fashioned for the righteous among them after they had passed away.

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Allah the Exalted said regarding them:

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"And they said, 'Do not leave your gods, and do not leave Wadd, nor Suwa', nor Yaghuth, and Ya'uq, and Nasr.'"

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It is stated in Sahih al-Bukhari that these were originally the names of righteous men from the people of Nuh.

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When they died, Shaytan inspired their people to set up monuments in the places where they used to sit.

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They set up these monuments—statues—and named them after those men.

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They did so, but they were not worshipped until those people died and knowledge was forgotten, at which point they were worshipped.

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Narrated by al-Bukhari.

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The worship of these idols persisted.

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It was transferred to the Arabs before Islam.

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Every tribe had an idol from among these that they worshipped instead of Allah.

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'Amr ibn Luhayy al-Khuza'i added other idols to them.

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Such as al-Lat, al-'Uzza, Manat, and Hubal.

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This shirk still persists in our modern era.

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Buddhists worship the statue of Buddha and draw near to it.

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Hindus and Sikhs have multiple gods.

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Sufism is deeply immersed in this type of shirk of worship regarding many saints and righteous figures.

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This includes circumambulating their graves and slaughtering animals for them.

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There are many other misguided nations besides these.

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As for the shirk of obedience, following, and legislation:

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Humanity has fallen into this since ancient times as well.

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In the Hadith Qudsi:

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"I created My servants as monotheists (hunafa'), all of them."

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"Then the devils came to them and diverted them from their religion."

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"They forbade for them what I had made lawful for them."

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"And they commanded them to associate with Me that for which I had sent down no authority."

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Narrated by Muslim.

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The People of the Book also fell into this shirk.

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By following their rabbis and monks in matters of what is lawful and what is forbidden.

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As Allah the Exalted said regarding them:

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“They have taken as lords beside Allah their rabbis and their monks and the Messiah son of Mary, when they were bidden to worship only One Allah. There is no Allah save Him. Be He Glorified from all that they ascribe as partner (unto Him)!” (9:31)

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“They have taken as lords beside Allah their rabbis and their monks and the Messiah son of Mary, when they were bidden to worship only One Allah. There is no Allah save Him. Be He Glorified from all that they ascribe as partner (unto Him)!” (9:31)

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"There is no god but He."

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"Exalted is He above what they associate with Him."

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'Adi ibn Hatim, may Allah be pleased with him, was surprised by this verse.

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He had been a Christian before his conversion to Islam.

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He said, "O Messenger of Allah, they did not worship them."

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The Prophet, peace be upon him, replied, "Indeed."

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"But they make lawful for them what Allah has forbidden, so they deem it lawful."

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"And they forbid for them what Allah has made lawful, so they deem it forbidden."

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"That is their worship of them."

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Narrated by al-Tirmidhi, and al-Albani graded it hasan.

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The Arabs also fell into this before Islam.

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As mentioned regarding them in Surah al-Ma'idah.

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Regarding their designation of the Bahirah, Sa'ibah, Wasilah, and Hami.

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Allah the Exalted said:

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“Allah hath not appointed anything in the nature of a Bahirah or a Sa'ibah or a Wasilah or a Hami, but those who disbelieve invent a lie against Allah. Most of them have no sense.” (5:103)

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“Allah hath not appointed anything in the nature of a Bahirah or a Sa'ibah or a Wasilah or a Hami, but those who disbelieve invent a lie against Allah. Most of them have no sense.” (5:103)

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“Allah hath not appointed anything in the nature of a Bahirah or a Sa'ibah or a Wasilah or a Hami, but those who disbelieve invent a lie against Allah. Most of them have no sense.” (5:103)

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"But most of them do not use their reason."

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Just as they argued with the Muslims regarding the ruling on eating carrion by saying:

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"What Allah has slaughtered, do not eat, but what you have slaughtered, you eat."

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Narrated by al-Nasa'i and Abu Dawud, and authenticated by al-Albani and Shu'ayb al-Arna'ut.

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This is the statement of Allah the Exalted:

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“And eat not of that whereon Allah's name hath not been mentioned, for lo! it is abomination. Lo! the devils do inspire their minions to dispute with you. But if ye obey them, ye will be in truth idolaters.” (6:121)

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“And eat not of that whereon Allah's name hath not been mentioned, for lo! it is abomination. Lo! the devils do inspire their minions to dispute with you. But if ye obey them, ye will be in truth idolaters.” (6:121)

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Where Persia prompted the Quraysh.

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To argue with the Messenger, peace be upon him, regarding the ruling on eating carrion.

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The verse mentioned that the obedience of the disbelievers of Quraysh in that matter was shirk.

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In our contemporary reality:

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Many people fall into the shirk of obedience and following.

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By seeking judgment from other than the law of Allah, knowingly and by choice.

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The following verse of Allah the Exalted applies to them:

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“Hast thou not seen those who pretend that they believe in that which is revealed unto thee and that which was revealed before thee, how they would go for judgment (in their disputes) to false deities when they have been ordered to abjure them? Satan would mislead them far astray.” (4:60)

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“Hast thou not seen those who pretend that they believe in that which is revealed unto thee and that which was revealed before thee, how they would go for judgment (in their disputes) to false deities when they have been ordered to abjure them? Satan would mislead them far astray.” (4:60)

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“Hast thou not seen those who pretend that they believe in that which is revealed unto thee and that which was revealed before thee, how they would go for judgment (in their disputes) to false deities when they have been ordered to abjure them? Satan would mislead them far astray.” (4:60)

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“Hast thou not seen those who pretend that they believe in that which is revealed unto thee and that which was revealed before thee, how they would go for judgment (in their disputes) to false deities when they have been ordered to abjure them? Satan would mislead them far astray.” (4:60)

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"And Shaytan wishes to lead them far astray."

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Western civilization takes human desire as a god that it worships instead of Allah.

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It follows it in the name of freedom, human rights, and so on.

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As for the shirk of love, loyalty, and support:

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It is what we see today of the tribalism of the Jahiliyyah (pre-Islamic ignorance) based on earthly ties.

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Upon which love, loyalty, and disavowal are established.

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Such as tribalism for the nation, ethnicity, or race.

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Allah the Exalted has said:

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“Say: Shall I choose for a protecting friend other than Allah, the Originator of the heavens and the earth, Who feedeth and is never fed? Say: I am ordered to be the first to surrender (unto Him). And be not thou (O Muhammad) of the idolaters.” (6:14)