WEBVTT 00:00:00.050 --> 00:00:03.569 In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful. 00:00:03.569 --> 00:00:13.060 Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah. 00:00:13.060 --> 00:00:17.699 A Concise Summary of the Prophetic biography (Seerah). 00:00:17.699 --> 00:00:22.850 Authored by Sheikh Musa bin Rashid al-Azimi. 00:00:22.850 --> 00:00:24.850 May Allah preserve him. 00:00:24.850 --> 00:00:29.739 The second year of the Hijrah. 00:00:29.739 --> 00:00:32.380 The Expedition of al-Abwa’. 00:00:32.380 --> 00:00:35.310 Also known as Waddan. 00:00:35.390 --> 00:00:40.590 This was the first expedition led by the Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him. 00:00:40.590 --> 00:00:42.590 Imam al-Bukhari stated: 00:00:42.590 --> 00:00:44.590 And Ibn Ishaq stated: 00:00:44.590 --> 00:00:48.590 The first expedition of the Prophet, peace be upon him, was 00:00:48.590 --> 00:00:50.590 to al-Abwa’, then Buwat, 00:00:50.590 --> 00:00:52.590 then al-Ushayrah. 00:00:52.590 --> 00:00:54.689 This took place in the month of Safar, 00:00:54.689 --> 00:01:00.689 twelve months after the arrival of the Prophet, peace be upon him, in Medina. 00:01:00.689 --> 00:01:04.689 He entrusted his banner to Hamzah ibn Abd al-Muttalib, may Allah be pleased with him. 00:01:04.689 --> 00:01:06.689 It was a white banner. 00:01:06.689 --> 00:01:12.689 He appointed Sa'd ibn 'Ubadah, may Allah be pleased with him, as his deputy in Medina. 00:01:12.689 --> 00:01:18.689 The Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him, set out with 70 men from the Muhajirun, 00:01:18.689 --> 00:01:20.689 with no one from the Ansar among them. 00:01:20.689 --> 00:01:22.689 He reached al-Abwa’, 00:01:22.689 --> 00:01:24.689 intending to intercept a caravan of the Quraysh, 00:01:24.689 --> 00:01:26.689 but he did not encounter any conflict. 00:01:26.689 --> 00:01:30.689 The Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him, concluded a peace treaty 00:01:30.689 --> 00:01:32.689 during this expedition 00:01:32.689 --> 00:01:34.689 with Makhshi ibn 'Amr al-Damri, 00:01:34.689 --> 00:01:38.689 who was the leader of the Banu Damrah in his time, 00:01:38.689 --> 00:01:40.689 stipulating that he would not raid the Banu Damrah, 00:01:40.689 --> 00:01:44.689 nor would they raid him or gather forces against him, 00:01:44.689 --> 00:01:46.689 nor would they assist any enemy against him. 00:01:46.689 --> 00:01:50.689 He wrote a formal document between himself and them. 00:01:50.689 --> 00:01:54.689 The absence of the Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him, during this expedition 00:01:54.689 --> 00:01:56.689 lasted 15 nights. 00:01:56.689 --> 00:02:00.510 The Expedition of Buwat. 00:02:00.510 --> 00:02:06.989 This was the second expedition of the Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him. 00:02:06.989 --> 00:02:08.990 It took place in Rabi' al-Awwal, 00:02:08.990 --> 00:02:12.990 thirteen months after his migration. 00:02:12.990 --> 00:02:17.990 He entrusted his banner to Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas, may Allah be pleased with him. 00:02:17.990 --> 00:02:22.990 He appointed Sa'd ibn Mu'adh, may Allah be pleased with him, as his deputy in Medina. 00:02:22.990 --> 00:02:28.990 The Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him, set out with 200 of his Companions from the Muhajirun, 00:02:28.990 --> 00:02:34.990 intending to intercept a Quraysh caravan containing Umayyah ibn Khalaf al-Jumahi, 00:02:34.990 --> 00:02:36.990 and one hundred men from the Quraysh, 00:02:36.990 --> 00:02:39.990 along with two thousand five hundred camels. 00:02:39.990 --> 00:02:43.990 He reached Buwat in the region of Radwa, 00:02:43.990 --> 00:02:47.990 but he did not encounter any conflict and returned to Medina. 00:02:47.990 --> 00:02:51.719 The Expedition of al-Ushayrah. 00:02:51.719 --> 00:02:58.099 This was the third expedition of the Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him. 00:02:58.099 --> 00:03:00.099 It took place in Jumada al-Akhirah, 00:03:00.099 --> 00:03:06.099 sixteen months after the migration of the Prophet, peace be upon him. 00:03:06.099 --> 00:03:11.099 He entrusted his banner to Hamzah ibn Abd al-Muttalib, may Allah be pleased with him. 00:03:11.099 --> 00:03:13.099 It was a white banner. 00:03:13.099 --> 00:03:20.139 He appointed Abu Salamah ibn Abd al-Asad al-Makhzumi, may Allah be pleased with him, as his deputy in Medina. 00:03:20.139 --> 00:03:25.139 The Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him, set out with 500 men, 00:03:25.139 --> 00:03:29.139 though it is said 200 of the Muhajirun. 00:03:29.139 --> 00:03:32.139 He did not compel anyone to join the expedition. 00:03:32.139 --> 00:03:36.139 They set out with thirty camels, taking turns riding them. 00:03:36.139 --> 00:03:40.139 They intended to intercept a Quraysh caravan heading to the Levant. 00:03:40.139 --> 00:03:47.139 The Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him, had received news of its departure from Mecca. 00:03:47.139 --> 00:03:49.139 It contained the wealth of the Quraysh. 00:03:49.139 --> 00:03:54.139 The Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him, reached al-Ushayrah, 00:03:54.139 --> 00:03:58.139 but found that the caravan had passed by days earlier. 00:03:58.139 --> 00:04:04.139 This is the same caravan that the Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him, set out to pursue 00:04:04.139 --> 00:04:06.139 when it returned from the Levant, 00:04:06.139 --> 00:04:13.139 and it is the one that Allah promised him—either the caravan or the armed force— 00:04:13.139 --> 00:04:16.139 which led to the Great Battle of Badr. 00:04:16.139 --> 00:04:22.899 The Expedition of Safwan, or the First Battle of Badr. 00:04:24.660 --> 00:04:31.660 The Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him, did not stay in Medina upon returning from the expedition of al-Ushayrah 00:04:31.660 --> 00:04:34.660 for more than ten nights, 00:04:34.660 --> 00:04:39.660 before Kurz ibn Jabir al-Fihri raided the grazing livestock of Medina 00:04:39.660 --> 00:04:41.660 and drove them away. 00:04:41.660 --> 00:04:48.660 The Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him, set out with seventy of his Companions from the Muhajirun. 00:04:48.660 --> 00:04:52.660 He entrusted his banner to 'Ali ibn Abi Talib, may Allah be pleased with him. 00:04:52.660 --> 00:04:54.660 It was a white banner. 00:04:54.660 --> 00:04:59.660 He appointed Zayd ibn Harithah, may Allah be pleased with him, as his deputy in Medina. 00:04:59.660 --> 00:05:03.660 The Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him, pursued him 00:05:03.660 --> 00:05:08.660 until he reached a valley called Safwan in the vicinity of Badr. 00:05:08.660 --> 00:05:13.660 Kurz ibn Jabir al-Fihri escaped, and he did not catch him. 00:05:13.660 --> 00:05:18.660 The Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him, returned to Medina. 00:05:18.660 --> 00:05:26.550 The detachment (sariyyah) of 'Abdullah ibn Jahsh, may Allah be pleased with him, to Nakhlah. 00:05:26.550 --> 00:05:30.939 Then the Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him, sent 00:05:30.939 --> 00:05:35.939 'Abdullah ibn Jahsh al-Asadi, may Allah be pleased with him, to Nakhlah. 00:05:35.939 --> 00:05:41.939 He sent with him eight of the Muhajirun, with no one from the Ansar among them. 00:05:41.939 --> 00:05:46.939 This was in Rajab, seventeen months after the Hijrah. 00:05:46.939 --> 00:05:50.939 Every two men took turns riding one camel. 00:05:50.939 --> 00:05:55.939 The Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him, wrote a letter for him, 00:05:55.939 --> 00:06:01.939 and commanded him not to look at it until he had traveled for two days, then to read it, 00:06:01.939 --> 00:06:06.939 and to carry out what he was commanded without compelling any of his Companions. 00:06:06.939 --> 00:06:10.939 'Abdullah ibn Jahsh, may Allah be pleased with him, set out. 00:06:10.939 --> 00:06:15.939 After traveling for two days, he opened the letter, which read: 00:06:15.939 --> 00:06:22.939 "When you read this letter, proceed until you encamp at Nakhlah between Mecca and Ta'if, 00:06:22.939 --> 00:06:27.939 lie in wait for the Quraysh there, and gather news for us about them." 00:06:27.939 --> 00:06:31.939 He said, "I hear and I obey." 00:06:31.939 --> 00:06:36.939 He then informed his Companions of this, stating that he would not compel them. 00:06:36.939 --> 00:06:42.939 "Whoever desires martyrdom, let him proceed; whoever fears death, let him return." 00:06:42.939 --> 00:06:47.939 "As for me, I am proceeding." So they all went with him. 00:06:47.939 --> 00:06:53.129 While on the way, Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas 00:06:53.129 --> 00:06:59.129 and 'Utbah ibn Ghazwan, may Allah be pleased with them, lost a camel they were taking turns riding. 00:06:59.129 --> 00:07:05.189 They stayed behind to search for it, while 'Abdullah ibn Jahsh, may Allah be pleased with him, continued 00:07:05.189 --> 00:07:09.189 with the rest of his Companions until they encamped at Nakhlah. 00:07:09.189 --> 00:07:15.290 A Quraysh caravan passed by, carrying raisins, leather, and trade goods. 00:07:15.290 --> 00:07:22.290 Among them were 'Amr ibn al-Hadrami, 'Uthman and Nawfal, the sons of 'Abdullah ibn al-Mughirah, 00:07:22.290 --> 00:07:26.290 and al-Hakam ibn Kaysan, the freedman of Hisham ibn al-Mughirah. 00:07:26.290 --> 00:07:33.290 The Muslims consulted one another, saying, "We are in the last day of Rajab, the sacred month." 00:07:33.290 --> 00:07:37.290 "If we fight them, we will violate the sacred month." 00:07:38.290 --> 00:07:42.290 "But if we leave them tonight, they will enter the Sacred Territory." 00:07:42.290 --> 00:07:45.290 They then resolved to confront them. 00:07:45.290 --> 00:07:51.290 Waqid ibn 'Abdullah al-Tamimi shot 'Amr ibn al-Hadrami with an arrow and killed him. 00:07:51.290 --> 00:07:54.290 The Muslims attacked them, 00:07:54.290 --> 00:07:58.290 taking 'Uthman ibn 'Abdullah and al-Hakam ibn Kaysan as prisoners, 00:07:58.290 --> 00:08:01.449 while Nawfal ibn 'Abdullah escaped. 00:08:01.449 --> 00:08:05.449 They then brought the caravan and the two prisoners to Medina. 00:08:05.449 --> 00:08:08.449 They had set aside one-fifth of the spoils. 00:08:08.449 --> 00:08:13.449 This detachment marked the first one-fifth (khums) in Islam, 00:08:13.449 --> 00:08:16.449 the first polytheist killed in Islam, 00:08:16.449 --> 00:08:19.540 and the first two prisoners in Islam. 00:08:19.540 --> 00:08:22.540 When they arrived in Medina, 00:08:22.540 --> 00:08:27.540 the Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him, disapproved of what they had done. 00:08:27.540 --> 00:08:32.539 They, may Allah be pleased with them, had acted based on their own ijtihad (legal reasoning). 00:08:32.539 --> 00:08:36.539 The men were deeply distressed, may Allah be pleased with them, 00:08:36.539 --> 00:08:39.580 and thought they were ruined. 00:08:39.580 --> 00:08:43.580 The Quraysh intensified their criticism and condemnation of the act, 00:08:43.580 --> 00:08:47.580 saying, "Muhammad has made the sacred month lawful." 00:08:47.580 --> 00:08:50.580 Then Allah the Almighty revealed: 00:09:03.580 --> 00:09:06.580 “They question thee (O Muhammad) with regard to warfare in the sacred month. Say: Warfare therein is a great (transgression), but to turn (men) from the way of Allah, and to disbelieve in Him and in the Inviolable Place of Worship, and to expel His people thence, is a greater with Allah; for persecution is worse than killing. And they will not cease from fighting against you till they have made you renegades from your religion, if they can. And whoso becometh a renegade and dieth in his disbelief: such are they whose works have fallen both in the world and the Hereafter. Such are rightful owners of the Fire: they will abide therein.” (2:217) 00:09:06.580 --> 00:09:11.580 “They question thee (O Muhammad) with regard to warfare in the sacred month. Say: Warfare therein is a great (transgression), but to turn (men) from the way of Allah, and to disbelieve in Him and in the Inviolable Place of Worship, and to expel His people thence, is a greater with Allah; for persecution is worse than killing. And they will not cease from fighting against you till they have made you renegades from your religion, if they can. And whoso becometh a renegade and dieth in his disbelief: such are they whose works have fallen both in the world and the Hereafter. Such are rightful owners of the Fire: they will abide therein.” (2:217) 00:09:11.580 --> 00:09:14.580 “They question thee (O Muhammad) with regard to warfare in the sacred month. Say: Warfare therein is a great (transgression), but to turn (men) from the way of Allah, and to disbelieve in Him and in the Inviolable Place of Worship, and to expel His people thence, is a greater with Allah; for persecution is worse than killing. And they will not cease from fighting against you till they have made you renegades from your religion, if they can. And whoso becometh a renegade and dieth in his disbelief: such are they whose works have fallen both in the world and the Hereafter. Such are rightful owners of the Fire: they will abide therein.” (2:217) 00:09:14.580 --> 00:09:17.580 "And they will continue to fight you..." 00:09:17.580 --> 00:09:23.580 “They question thee (O Muhammad) with regard to warfare in the sacred month. Say: Warfare therein is a great (transgression), but to turn (men) from the way of Allah, and to disbelieve in Him and in the Inviolable Place of Worship, and to expel His people thence, is a greater with Allah; for persecution is worse than killing. And they will not cease from fighting against you till they have made you renegades from your religion, if they can. And whoso becometh a renegade and dieth in his disbelief: such are they whose works have fallen both in the world and the Hereafter. Such are rightful owners of the Fire: they will abide therein.” (2:217) 00:09:23.580 --> 00:09:27.580 "And whoever among you turns back from his religion 00:09:27.580 --> 00:09:30.580 and dies while he is a disbeliever, 00:09:30.580 --> 00:09:39.580 for those, their deeds have become worthless in this world and the Hereafter, 00:09:39.580 --> 00:09:46.580 and those are the companions of the Fire; they will abide therein eternally." 00:09:46.580 --> 00:09:49.580 The scholar Ibn Kathir stated: 00:09:49.580 --> 00:09:51.580 "The Almighty says: 00:09:51.580 --> 00:09:54.580 This incident, even if it was a mistake, 00:09:54.580 --> 00:09:58.580 because fighting in the sacred month is a grave matter before Allah, 00:09:58.580 --> 00:10:02.580 yet what you, O polytheists, are engaged in— 00:10:02.580 --> 00:10:04.580 of blocking the path of Allah, 00:10:04.580 --> 00:10:07.580 disbelieving in Him and in the Sacred Mosque, 00:10:07.580 --> 00:10:09.580 and expelling Muhammad and his Companions, 00:10:09.580 --> 00:10:13.580 who are in truth the people of the Sacred Mosque— 00:10:13.580 --> 00:10:18.580 is greater before Allah than fighting in the sacred month." 00:10:18.580 --> 00:10:23.669 A Concise Summary of the Prophetic biography (Seerah). 00:10:29.669 --> 00:10:36.669 For the longing toward you knows no bounds; 00:10:36.669 --> 00:10:43.250 May Allah send blessings upon you as long as the call to prayer is raised, 00:10:43.250 --> 00:10:51.399 and as long as lips move in remembrance.