Part of A summary of the Prophet’s biography (the series is complete)
· Lesson 137 of 182
Summary of the Prophet’s biography | Episode (160) | Did the battalion's forts open to peace?
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Transcript
Machine translation — may contain errors
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In the name of Allah, the Entirely Merciful, the Especially Merciful.
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Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah.
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The Abridgment of the Prophetic Biography (Seerah),
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Authored by Sheikh Musa ibn Rashid al-'Azimi,
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May Allah preserve him.
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Were the fortresses of al-Katibah conquered by peaceful treaty?
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The scholars of the Prophetic biography (Seerah) and military campaigns differed regarding the fortresses of al-Katibah:
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Were they taken peacefully by treaty, or was there fighting over them?
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Abu Dawud reported in his Sunan with an authentic chain of transmission
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On the authority of Anas ibn Malik (may Allah be pleased with him), who said:
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"The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) raided Khaybar,
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And we took it by force, so the captives were gathered."
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Abu Dawud also reported in his Sunan with an authentic chain to al-Zuhri, who said:
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"It reached me that the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him)
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Conquered Khaybar by force after fighting,
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And those of its people who surrendered did so on the condition of evacuation after the fighting."
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And Abu Dawud reported in his Sunan with an authentic mursal chain
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On the authority of Bashir ibn Yasar, who said:
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"When Allah granted Khaybar to His Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) as spoils,
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He divided it into thirty-six shares,
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Each share encompassing one hundred sub-shares.
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He set aside half of it for his contingencies and whatever obligations befell him—
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Namely al-Watihah, al-Katibah, and whatever was annexed along with them—
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And he set aside the other half and divided it among the Muslims,
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Namely al-Shiqq, al-Natat, and whatever was annexed along with them.
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And the share of the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him)
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Was included in what was annexed along with the latter."
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Imam al-Bayhaqi said:
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"This is because part of Khaybar was conquered by force and part of it by peaceful treaty;
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Thus, he divided what was conquered by force between the recipients of the fifth and the warriors who took the spoils,
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While he reserved what was conquered by treaty for his administrative contingencies
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And whatever was needed for the public welfare of the Muslims. And Allah knows best."
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Imam Muslim reported in his Sahih and Abu Dawud in his Sunan,
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With the wording belonging to Abu Dawud,
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On the authority of 'Abdullah ibn 'Umar (may Allah be pleased with them both), who said:
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"When Khaybar was conquered,
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The Jews requested the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him)
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To allow them to remain therein on the condition that they work it for half of whatever it produced.
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The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) said:
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'I let you remain therein on that condition for as long as we wish.'
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So they continued upon that agreement.
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The dates used to be divided into portions from half of Khaybar,
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And the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) would take the one-fifth share."
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Imam al-Nawawi said:
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"This demonstrates that Khaybar was conquered by force,
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Because shares of spoils belong solely to the victorious fighters.
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As for the statement, 'and the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) would take the fifth,'
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It means he would distribute it to its rightful recipients,
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Who are the five categories mentioned in the words of the Exalted:
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'And know that whatever spoils you take,
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To Allah belongs one-fifth of it, and to the Messenger, and for the near relatives, the orphans, the needy, and the stranded traveler.'
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Thus, he would take for his own maintenance one-fifth of that fifth,
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And disperse the remaining portions of the fifth
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To the other four categories."
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Imam Ibn al-Qayyim said:
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"The undeniably correct view is that it was taken by force.
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The ruler has the discretion regarding land seized by force
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Between distributing it and retaining it as an endowment,
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Or distributing part of it and endowing the rest.
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The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) indeed implemented all three forms:
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He divided the lands of Qurayzah and al-Nadir,
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He did not divide Mecca,
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And he divided half of Khaybar
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While leaving its other half."
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Abu Dawud and Ibn Hibban reported with an authentic chain,
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The wording being that of Ibn Hibban,
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On the authority of Ibn 'Umar (may Allah be pleased with them both), who said:
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"The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him)
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Fought the people of Khaybar
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Until he forced them into their fortress,
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Gaining control over the land, crops, and date palms.
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They then made a treaty with him on the condition that they evacuate it,
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Keeping only what their mounts could carry,
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While to the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) belonged
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The gold and silver,
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And that they would depart from it.
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He stipulated that they must not conceal
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Nor hide anything away;
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If they did so, they would forfeit all protection and immunity.
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But they hid a leather bag containing wealth and jewelry
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Belonging to Huyayy ibn Akhtab,
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Which he had carried with him to Khaybar
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When Banu al-Nadir were expelled.
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The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) asked
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Huyayy's paternal uncle:
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'What happened to the leather bag of Huyayy
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That he brought from al-Nadir?'
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He replied:
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'Living expenses and wars have consumed it.'
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The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) said:
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'The time was too recent,
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And the wealth was far greater than that.'
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So the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) handed him over
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To al-Zubayr ibn al-'Awwam (may Allah be pleased with him),
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Who subjected him to interrogation through punishment.
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Prior to that, Huyayy had been seen entering a ruined site,
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So someone said:
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'I saw Huyayy circumambulating in a ruin over here.'
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They went and searched around,
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And found the leather bag in a ruin.
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Consequently, the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) executed
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The two sons of Abi al-Huqayq,
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One of whom was the husband of Safiyyah
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Daughter of Huyayy ibn Akhtab.
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The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) took captives,
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Divided their women and offspring,
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And distributed their wealth
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Due to the breach of treaty they committed.
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He intended to expel them from it,
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But they said: 'O Muhammad,
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Leave us in this land to cultivate it and care for it.'
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Neither the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him)
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Nor his Companions possessed laborers to tend to it,
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Nor did they have the spare time to look after it themselves.
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So he granted Khaybar to them on the condition that they receive half of all crops, date palms, and produce,
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For as long as the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) saw fit."
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Ibn Sayyid al-Nas said:
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"This shows that it was originally taken by treaty,
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But the treaty was subsequently breached,
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So it became a conquest by force;
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Then the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) took its fifth
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And distributed it."
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The Abridgment
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Of the Prophetic Biography (Seerah).
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Though the world’s yearning for one another may endure,
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The yearning for you exceeds all bounds.
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May Allah send blessings upon you as long as the call to prayer is raised
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And lips move in lasting remembrance.