Part of A summary of the Prophet’s biography (the series is complete)
· Lesson 82 of 182
Summary of the Prophet’s biography | Episode (103) | The second year of migration
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Transcript
Machine translation — may contain errors
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In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful.
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Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah.
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A Concise Summary of the Prophetic biography (Seerah).
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Authored by Sheikh Musa bin Rashid al-Azimi.
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May Allah preserve him.
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The second year of the Hijrah.
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The Expedition of al-Abwa’.
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Also known as Waddan.
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This was the first expedition led by the Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him.
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Imam al-Bukhari stated:
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And Ibn Ishaq stated:
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The first expedition of the Prophet, peace be upon him, was
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to al-Abwa’, then Buwat,
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then al-Ushayrah.
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This took place in the month of Safar,
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twelve months after the arrival of the Prophet, peace be upon him, in Medina.
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He entrusted his banner to Hamzah ibn Abd al-Muttalib, may Allah be pleased with him.
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It was a white banner.
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He appointed Sa'd ibn 'Ubadah, may Allah be pleased with him, as his deputy in Medina.
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The Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him, set out with 70 men from the Muhajirun,
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with no one from the Ansar among them.
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He reached al-Abwa’,
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intending to intercept a caravan of the Quraysh,
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but he did not encounter any conflict.
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The Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him, concluded a peace treaty
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during this expedition
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with Makhshi ibn 'Amr al-Damri,
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who was the leader of the Banu Damrah in his time,
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stipulating that he would not raid the Banu Damrah,
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nor would they raid him or gather forces against him,
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nor would they assist any enemy against him.
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He wrote a formal document between himself and them.
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The absence of the Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him, during this expedition
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lasted 15 nights.
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The Expedition of Buwat.
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This was the second expedition of the Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him.
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It took place in Rabi' al-Awwal,
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thirteen months after his migration.
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He entrusted his banner to Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas, may Allah be pleased with him.
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He appointed Sa'd ibn Mu'adh, may Allah be pleased with him, as his deputy in Medina.
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The Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him, set out with 200 of his Companions from the Muhajirun,
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intending to intercept a Quraysh caravan containing Umayyah ibn Khalaf al-Jumahi,
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and one hundred men from the Quraysh,
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along with two thousand five hundred camels.
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He reached Buwat in the region of Radwa,
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but he did not encounter any conflict and returned to Medina.
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The Expedition of al-Ushayrah.
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This was the third expedition of the Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him.
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It took place in Jumada al-Akhirah,
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sixteen months after the migration of the Prophet, peace be upon him.
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He entrusted his banner to Hamzah ibn Abd al-Muttalib, may Allah be pleased with him.
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It was a white banner.
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He appointed Abu Salamah ibn Abd al-Asad al-Makhzumi, may Allah be pleased with him, as his deputy in Medina.
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The Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him, set out with 500 men,
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though it is said 200 of the Muhajirun.
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He did not compel anyone to join the expedition.
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They set out with thirty camels, taking turns riding them.
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They intended to intercept a Quraysh caravan heading to the Levant.
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The Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him, had received news of its departure from Mecca.
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It contained the wealth of the Quraysh.
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The Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him, reached al-Ushayrah,
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but found that the caravan had passed by days earlier.
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This is the same caravan that the Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him, set out to pursue
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when it returned from the Levant,
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and it is the one that Allah promised him—either the caravan or the armed force—
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which led to the Great Battle of Badr.
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The Expedition of Safwan, or the First Battle of Badr.
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The Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him, did not stay in Medina upon returning from the expedition of al-Ushayrah
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for more than ten nights,
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before Kurz ibn Jabir al-Fihri raided the grazing livestock of Medina
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and drove them away.
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The Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him, set out with seventy of his Companions from the Muhajirun.
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He entrusted his banner to 'Ali ibn Abi Talib, may Allah be pleased with him.
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It was a white banner.
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He appointed Zayd ibn Harithah, may Allah be pleased with him, as his deputy in Medina.
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The Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him, pursued him
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until he reached a valley called Safwan in the vicinity of Badr.
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Kurz ibn Jabir al-Fihri escaped, and he did not catch him.
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The Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him, returned to Medina.
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The detachment (sariyyah) of 'Abdullah ibn Jahsh, may Allah be pleased with him, to Nakhlah.
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Then the Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him, sent
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'Abdullah ibn Jahsh al-Asadi, may Allah be pleased with him, to Nakhlah.
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He sent with him eight of the Muhajirun, with no one from the Ansar among them.
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This was in Rajab, seventeen months after the Hijrah.
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Every two men took turns riding one camel.
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The Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him, wrote a letter for him,
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and commanded him not to look at it until he had traveled for two days, then to read it,
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and to carry out what he was commanded without compelling any of his Companions.
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'Abdullah ibn Jahsh, may Allah be pleased with him, set out.
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After traveling for two days, he opened the letter, which read:
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"When you read this letter, proceed until you encamp at Nakhlah between Mecca and Ta'if,
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lie in wait for the Quraysh there, and gather news for us about them."
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He said, "I hear and I obey."
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He then informed his Companions of this, stating that he would not compel them.
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"Whoever desires martyrdom, let him proceed; whoever fears death, let him return."
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"As for me, I am proceeding." So they all went with him.
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While on the way, Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas
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and 'Utbah ibn Ghazwan, may Allah be pleased with them, lost a camel they were taking turns riding.
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They stayed behind to search for it, while 'Abdullah ibn Jahsh, may Allah be pleased with him, continued
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with the rest of his Companions until they encamped at Nakhlah.
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A Quraysh caravan passed by, carrying raisins, leather, and trade goods.
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Among them were 'Amr ibn al-Hadrami, 'Uthman and Nawfal, the sons of 'Abdullah ibn al-Mughirah,
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and al-Hakam ibn Kaysan, the freedman of Hisham ibn al-Mughirah.
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The Muslims consulted one another, saying, "We are in the last day of Rajab, the sacred month."
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"If we fight them, we will violate the sacred month."
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"But if we leave them tonight, they will enter the Sacred Territory."
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They then resolved to confront them.
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Waqid ibn 'Abdullah al-Tamimi shot 'Amr ibn al-Hadrami with an arrow and killed him.
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The Muslims attacked them,
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taking 'Uthman ibn 'Abdullah and al-Hakam ibn Kaysan as prisoners,
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while Nawfal ibn 'Abdullah escaped.
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They then brought the caravan and the two prisoners to Medina.
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They had set aside one-fifth of the spoils.
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This detachment marked the first one-fifth (khums) in Islam,
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the first polytheist killed in Islam,
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and the first two prisoners in Islam.
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When they arrived in Medina,
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the Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him, disapproved of what they had done.
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They, may Allah be pleased with them, had acted based on their own ijtihad (legal reasoning).
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The men were deeply distressed, may Allah be pleased with them,
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and thought they were ruined.
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The Quraysh intensified their criticism and condemnation of the act,
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saying, "Muhammad has made the sacred month lawful."
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Then Allah the Almighty revealed:
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“They question thee (O Muhammad) with regard to warfare in the sacred month. Say: Warfare therein is a great (transgression), but to turn (men) from the way of Allah, and to disbelieve in Him and in the Inviolable Place of Worship, and to expel His people thence, is a greater with Allah; for persecution is worse than killing. And they will not cease from fighting against you till they have made you renegades from your religion, if they can. And whoso becometh a renegade and dieth in his disbelief: such are they whose works have fallen both in the world and the Hereafter. Such are rightful owners of the Fire: they will abide therein.” (2:217)
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“They question thee (O Muhammad) with regard to warfare in the sacred month. Say: Warfare therein is a great (transgression), but to turn (men) from the way of Allah, and to disbelieve in Him and in the Inviolable Place of Worship, and to expel His people thence, is a greater with Allah; for persecution is worse than killing. And they will not cease from fighting against you till they have made you renegades from your religion, if they can. And whoso becometh a renegade and dieth in his disbelief: such are they whose works have fallen both in the world and the Hereafter. Such are rightful owners of the Fire: they will abide therein.” (2:217)
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“They question thee (O Muhammad) with regard to warfare in the sacred month. Say: Warfare therein is a great (transgression), but to turn (men) from the way of Allah, and to disbelieve in Him and in the Inviolable Place of Worship, and to expel His people thence, is a greater with Allah; for persecution is worse than killing. And they will not cease from fighting against you till they have made you renegades from your religion, if they can. And whoso becometh a renegade and dieth in his disbelief: such are they whose works have fallen both in the world and the Hereafter. Such are rightful owners of the Fire: they will abide therein.” (2:217)
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"And they will continue to fight you..."
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“They question thee (O Muhammad) with regard to warfare in the sacred month. Say: Warfare therein is a great (transgression), but to turn (men) from the way of Allah, and to disbelieve in Him and in the Inviolable Place of Worship, and to expel His people thence, is a greater with Allah; for persecution is worse than killing. And they will not cease from fighting against you till they have made you renegades from your religion, if they can. And whoso becometh a renegade and dieth in his disbelief: such are they whose works have fallen both in the world and the Hereafter. Such are rightful owners of the Fire: they will abide therein.” (2:217)
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"And whoever among you turns back from his religion
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and dies while he is a disbeliever,
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for those, their deeds have become worthless in this world and the Hereafter,
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and those are the companions of the Fire; they will abide therein eternally."
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The scholar Ibn Kathir stated:
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"The Almighty says:
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This incident, even if it was a mistake,
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because fighting in the sacred month is a grave matter before Allah,
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yet what you, O polytheists, are engaged in—
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of blocking the path of Allah,
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disbelieving in Him and in the Sacred Mosque,
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and expelling Muhammad and his Companions,
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who are in truth the people of the Sacred Mosque—
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is greater before Allah than fighting in the sacred month."
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A Concise Summary of the Prophetic biography (Seerah).
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For the longing toward you knows no bounds;
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May Allah send blessings upon you as long as the call to prayer is raised,
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and as long as lips move in remembrance.